Today, population settlements of the Republic of Uzbekistan, especially rural settlements, ensure the increase of the main population. Therefore, in this article, rural population settlements in the republic, the number and increase of their population were studied in the section of economic districts and regions. The reforms carried out in Uzbekistan in the last 30 years and how their results are reflected in the size, number and weight of rural settlements were proved by determining the rate of population growth, distribution in the territorial structure, density of villages and the distances between them.The unique geographical location of Uzbekistan and the location of the rural population of the regions in it, the role and importance of the increase in the rural population in the growth of the country's total population were revealed. In particular, the crowded and dense concentration of villages in the Ferghana Valley, which occupies the first place in terms of population density not only in the republic, but also in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, which has a large land area and a small population, and the increase in the number of rural residents in the Navoi regions, the differences in the territorial structure were clearly highlighted. Efforts were made to thoroughly research the effect of the work done on increasing the level of urbanization in the republic, the role of the rural population and the actual situation within the framework of rural districts and villages.

Human capital is a key driver of sustainable growth, yet subnational assessments in Central Asia remain limited. This study presents a reproducible Regional Human Capital Index for Kazakhstan’s 17 regions and tracks its dynamics over 2000–2020. The index draws on a harmonized set of indicators grouped into four pillars: demographic, social, economic, and environmental. We apply linear normalization, weighted aggregation to a 0–1 scale, GIS mapping, a five-level typology, and correlation analysis. The composite index has increased over two decades, while interregional disparities persist. Astana, Almaty, and Atyrau lead, with parts of the central–northern belt and Kyzylorda remaining vulnerable. The composite is most strongly associated with the economic subindex. The environmental pillar constrains outcomes in industry-intensive and agglomerated territories. Demography and access to basic social services shape the long-run trajectory of human capital accumulation. The findings call for differentiated, SDG-aligned regional policy. Leaders should focus on quality retention and ecological modernization. Mid-performing regions need to address diagnosed bottlenecks. Vulnerable areas require basic infrastructure, labor market activation, and demographic support. The index and maps offer a practical platform for routine public monitoring and decision making. Beyond the empirical findings for Kazakhstan, the study also illustrates a structured and transparent approach to subnational human capital assessment. The framework is not country-specific and can be adapted to other national or subnational contexts where comparable regional data are available.

Ushbu maqola shahar aholisining tezlik bilan o‘sishi, aholining yirik va katta shaharlarda to‘planishi, shaharlar chegarasi kengayishida demografik jarayonlar va ularning rivojlanishi masalalariga bag‘ishlangan. Bunda mamlakatni ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy rivojlantirish maqsadida olib borilgan siyosat mahsuli bo‘lgan mavjud shahar aholi manzilgohlari shakllanishi, unda aholi tabiiy va mexanik harakatlari ko‘lami, xususan aholining tashqi va ichki migratsiya natijasida shakllanishi asoslangan. Shuningdek, dunyoning barcha mamlakatlarida bo‘lgani kabi O‘zbekistonda ham aholining demografik rivojlanish tendensiyalari boshqa ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy jarayonlar qatori urbanizatsiyaga bevosita ta’sir ko‘rsatayotganligi ilmiy asoslab berilgan.

While most developed countries struggle with low fertility, Central Asian countries are experiencing a demographic boom. The aim of this article is to explain the causes of this phenomenon in Uzbekistan. The article uses secondary data from the UN and the National Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It cites qualitative studies on family preferences, contemporary family structures, and unregistered religious marriages. The research utilises statistical methods, including the least squares method, the Bongaarts-Feeney rate correction method, and the Kitagawa decomposition. Among the causes of the rising fertility rate in Uzbekistan, economic factors (economic growth and a decline in poverty) and especially cultural factors (including religious ones) have been identified. The resurgent practice of polygamy (so-called Sharia marriages) has so far had a marginal impact on the increase in fertility (less than 2% of births). Decomposition analysis revealed that the recent increase in births is primarily driven by high fertility levels among younger women, while older age groups are affected by both increased fertility rates and an increased number of women of reproductive age.

This article examines the issue of employment in the Republic of Uzbekistan, where the population is rapidly increasing and the number of new entrants to the labor market continues to grow each year—with a particular focus on the Surkhandarya Region, located in the southern part of the country. Despite possessing abundant natural resources, favorable environmental conditions, and a substantial labor force, Surkhandarya remains among the least developed regions in terms of socio-economic progress. The study employs various research methods, including statistical analysis, cartographic modeling, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and case study analysis. The article assesses the influence of geographical and demographic factors on employment in Surkhandarya—one of the regions with the lowest employment levels in Uzbekistan—and analyzes the dynamics of these factors over time. Furthermore, the research explores the interrelation between geographical and demographic factors and employment in Surkhandarya, located in the southern part of Uzbekistan. The region was evaluated using a geographical assessment scale to measure the impact of natural conditions and resources on socio-economic development. Based on data provided by the State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics, the study analyzes demographic factors influencing employment in Surkhandarya from 2010 to 2025 and maps these changes using GIS technologies. The findings reveal that Surkhandarya records one of the lowest employment levels among the regions of Uzbekistan despite possessing sufficient natural, socio-economic, and demographic potential. The results also indicate that ensuring sustainable employment in the region requires evidence-based measures aimed at developing underperforming economic sectors and implementing a region-specific migration policy tailored to local conditions.