Kazakhstan is demonstrating its commitment to promoting gender equality and working closely with the globalcommunity. Over the past decade, the gender gap in the structure of labour force of Kazakhstan has slightly decreased. However, gender gaps persist. Women in Kazakhstan make up slightly more than half of the total population of the country, but their contribution to indicators of economic activity, growth and well-being of republic is significantly below their potential. In this article, gender dynamics of Kazakhstan labour market are explored at macro and micro levels using GIS. In this article, authors tried to answer the following questions: What is the gender situation in the labour market of Kazakhstan, as a country of Central Asia region with an Eastern mentality? Does the growing number of employed women lead to higher levels of gender equality in the Kazakhstan labour market? What are the characteristics of women’s employment compared to men’s? The results of research show that women’s increased access to jobs has not led to a significant reduction in the gap in earnings and incomes between men and women. This is due to the gender segregation of vocational education, which lays the foundation for sectoral differentiation of employment with different geographical distributions. Also, the so-called “glass ceiling” or low accessibility to leadership positions hinders women’s greater competitiveness. In addition, such an important element of labour market as unpaid domestic work, which is mainly occupied by women, is still not recognized.

Human capital is a key driver of sustainable growth, yet subnational assessments in Central Asia remain limited. This study presents a reproducible Regional Human Capital Index for Kazakhstan’s 17 regions and tracks its dynamics over 2000–2020. The index draws on a harmonized set of indicators grouped into four pillars: demographic, social, economic, and environmental. We apply linear normalization, weighted aggregation to a 0–1 scale, GIS mapping, a five-level typology, and correlation analysis. The composite index has increased over two decades, while interregional disparities persist. Astana, Almaty, and Atyrau lead, with parts of the central–northern belt and Kyzylorda remaining vulnerable. The composite is most strongly associated with the economic subindex. The environmental pillar constrains outcomes in industry-intensive and agglomerated territories. Demography and access to basic social services shape the long-run trajectory of human capital accumulation. The findings call for differentiated, SDG-aligned regional policy. Leaders should focus on quality retention and ecological modernization. Mid-performing regions need to address diagnosed bottlenecks. Vulnerable areas require basic infrastructure, labor market activation, and demographic support. The index and maps offer a practical platform for routine public monitoring and decision making. Beyond the empirical findings for Kazakhstan, the study also illustrates a structured and transparent approach to subnational human capital assessment. The framework is not country-specific and can be adapted to other national or subnational contexts where comparable regional data are available.

Natural and migration movement of the population are indicators of all social, economic, geopoliti-cal and other changes occurring in society. In the last decades, one of the tendencies of the development of population in the Republic of Kazakhstan has been the rapid growth of large urban agglomerations of the country due to concentration of a substantial number of the population in them. The spatial con-centration of a large population provides both a number of advantages and also has negative challenges and threats. This article provides a comparative analysis of the development of demographic processes in Kazakhstan’s three large cities (Astana, Almaty and Shymkent) for the period from 2000 to 2022. An assessment of the migration processes occurring in three cities was carried out, trends in external and internal migration of cities and the reasons behind them were identified. Understanding the essence of demographic and migration processes allows us to evaluate and predict economic trends and trends in the development of social infrastructure of regions. Analysis of the population structure is an important condition for developing the fundamental directions of the country’s socio-economic and demographic policy. The analysis was based on the statistical data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Re-public of Kazakhstan.

In this paper the theoretical and methodological aspects of migration processes research, focusing specifically on "labour migration" are examined, theories of migration of population and workforce by domestic and foreign scholars are analyzed. Historical periods of the development of labour migration in Kazakhstan and the main trends of external labour migration in the modern era are discussed. The characteristics, motives, distinctive features, types, and indicators of labour migration are highlighted. Special attention is given to identifying the primary reasons and factors of external labour migration. The directions of migration in Kazakhstan and the main sectors attracting foreign labour are analyzed. External labour migration in Kazakhstan is presented as a result of socio-economic development and implemented migration policies. As a result of the study, it is concluded that Kazakhstan is a recipient country within the post-Soviet space; with its labour market being supplemented by foreign labour and low-skilled labour immigrants primarily from Central Asian countries. A notable feature of the flow of labour migration from Central Asian republics to Kazakhstan is a high proportion of illegally employed among them. At the same time, one of the significant trends in external labour migration is the decrease in the emigration of compatriots alongside a substantial outflow of skilled professionals, in other words "brain drain." It is noted that despite the existence of numerous scientific studies on migration, the aspects of labour migration i0n the Republic of Kazakhstan remains insufficiently presented

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of migration trends in the countries of Central Asia in the context of demographic change and socio-economic transformation of the region. Based on official statistical data from individual Central Asian countries and global databases (the World Bank, the International Labour Organization, and the United Nations), the main trends of internal and international migration in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan for the period 2010–2023 are identified. Attention is paid to assessing the impact of migration on the sustainability of national economies, infrastructure development, labor markets, and social mobility of the population. The study also examines such phenomena as the outflow of highly skilled professionals, the increasing dependence of several countries on remittances from labor migrants, and the emergence of new migration linkages with non-regional and distant countries. Special emphasis is placed on the relationship between migration processes and the implementation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 8, 10, and 11). The article also emphasizes the relationship between the migration processes under consideration and the implementation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 8, 10, and 11). The analysis leads to the conclusion that migration plays a dual role: acting both as a source of new risks to long-term regional development and as a mechanism for adaptation to internal socio-economic challenges.