This article discusses the problems that arise and must be resolved in order to ensure the efficiency and sustainability of Chinese-brand automobile assembly in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is shown as a model of an oil-driven economy seeking industrial modernization and the most dynamic car assembly case in Central Asia in the past 5 years. Since the automotive industry development strategies in different countries have various specific characteristics and provide an overview of the main global and regional trends in the development of the automotive industry, the problems of industry development also leverage the accumulated experiences of different countries where government initiatives have fostered the growth of their domestic automotive industry. Although we use standard and well-proven methods of analysis, planning, and forecasting, the novelty of the approach lies in the fact that any new company entering the market and opening a new production facility should focus on maintaining the sustainability of the country’s automotive industry within the framework of the adopted industry development strategy. We have developed such an algorithm for planning a strategy. The blend of traditional methodologies and their adaptation makes the suggested methodology new. We also considered the fact that, due to a lack of knowledge, there are significant challenges when determining whether localizing automobile components is feasible. An assessment of the prospects for the automotive industry in Kazakhstan based on data from open sourcesmade it possible to develop options for possible strategies from which the most appropriate one can be selected. The conclusion chapter presents findings, limitations of the study, and directions for future research. The use of this approach allows for considering the interplay of the factors at the stage of an industry development strategy emerging and establishing long-term plans that take into account the specific characteristics of Kazakhstan’s development.

Introduction. The relevance of the study is determined by the gradual expansion of educational cooperation between Kazakhstan and China and the need to identify the competitive advantages of the educational system of China over Kazakhstan’s system of higher education. The purpose of the article is to identify factors stimulating dynamic growth of educational migration from Kazakhstan to China, as a relatively recent phenomenon, and to evaluate its possible consequences. Materials and Methods. In order to identify main trends and the way of development of Kazakhstan-China educational relations, we used empirical methods; namely: qualitative research method, description, expert interviews, content analysis, and synthesis. A survey of Kazakhstani students studying in China was conducted. The students of the Department of Chinese Studies of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University were interviewed, as well as those who participated in the joint training program with the Lanzhou University. Kazakhstani students from Beijing University of Language and Cu lture also participated in the survey. Results. The main reasons for the dynamic growth of educational migration from Kazakhstan to China are high quality of education in China, access to education in Chinese universities, comfortable learning and living conditions for Kazakhs, etc. By analysing the statistical data of the Chinese Ministry of Education, timing of the dynamics of Kazakhstani students’ flows to China was presented. The legislative and governmental measures of the two countries aiming to create a basis for educational cooperation were also analysed. An attempt to predict the future activities of Kazakhstan students as the “soft power” of China in Kazakhstan was made. Discussion and Conclusion. This problem can be further investigated in the study of factors affecting the increase in the academic mobility of Kazakhstani students, which should contribute to the expansion of cooperation between Kazakhstan and China in the field of education. The results of this study may be useful to scientists and lecturers engaged in research on various aspects of the educational migration of Kazakhstan to China.

Under the Belt and Road Initiative, China and Kazakhstan have developed a strategic partnership in the automotive industry that has progressed through three distinct phases. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolution and future of this cooperation, structured into the Export and Assembly phase (2014 to 2017), the Technology Partnership phase (2018 to 2021), and the Localization and Joint Ventures phase (2022 to 2024). Based on qualitative content analysis of policy documents, industry reports, and media coverage, the paper examines how China’s drive for industrial upgrading aligns with Kazakhstan’s goals of economic diversification and industrial growth. The findings indicate that Chinese automotive companies, such as JAC Motors, have transitioned from exporting vehicles to assembling them locally, transferring technology, and investing in joint ventures, thereby strengthening Kazakhstan’s automotive production and market potential. However, challenges remain, including overcapacity, market saturation, and the need for skilled local labor. The study concludes with recommendations to enhance cooperation through joint research and development, the creation of localized parts manufacturing clusters, and the harmonization of technical standards, offering a replicable model for bilateral partnerships within the Belt and Road framework.

The topic of the study covers Kazakh-Chinese relations over the past 30 years, namely the transformation of their situation as a result of China’s proclamation of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013.The purpose of the article is to analyze and periodize Kazakh-Chinese relations in the context of the most significant areas of cooperation in its different stages, as well as taking into account the influence of the political and economic agenda of the two countries.The article argues that the BRI was a turning point in the formation of the current structure of interstate relations between Kazakhstan and China.The work has practical significance for researchers in the field of Chinese studies, international relations, and political science.The study structures and summarizes publicly available information on Kazakh-Chinese joint ventures involved in non-resource sectors of the economy in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The methodology of the article is structured as follows: a literature review of scientific publications on the research topic was conducted.In particular, an analysis is provided of the works of Chinese authors, who often apply pro-state concepts for the theoretical substantiation of bilateral relations, as well as English-language authors who measure the BRI through the prism of a critical understanding of China’s geo-economic strategy.The article builds a periodization according to the stages of relations between Kazakhstan and China in the context of changes in the structure of political and economic relations.This article is an attempt to analyze and periodize three decades of Kazakh-Chinese relations, which is a contribution to the national scientific literature on a given topic. Key words: Kazakhstan, China, bilateral relations, Belt and Road Initiative.

Introduction. Global competition is prompting governments in many countries to implement large-scale reforms to improve the competitiveness of their universities. In response, China is implementing long-term programs to achieve academic excellence, reflecting a unique model of educational modernization. Despite a significant number of studies on the issue of reform, their perception by the Chinese university community has not been sufficiently researched. The aim of this study is to examine the perception of educational reforms by university faculty and administrators based on an analysis of documents and expert opinions.Materials and Methods. As part of the study, a survey was conducted among 68 experts representing universities, teacher training colleges, schools, and educational institutions of various levels, including central and regional organizations related to China’s higher education system. An in-depth interpretation of the results and verification of the identified trends were carried out through an analysis of regulatory acts and policy statements by the senior leadership of the PRC on the development of higher education. A content analysis was conducted to track changes in rhetoric in official documents from different years. At the final stage, empirical data were compared with the results of the content analysis, which ensured the integrity and validity of the research conclusions.Results. The expert survey confirmed that many priorities of state programs correspond to actual changes in universities. Teachers and administrators generally give a positive assessment of the reforms that have been implemented. Key success factors have been identified: systematic implementation of state plans, strict control of education quality, and development of university infrastructure throughout the country. Respondents noted the importance of targeted government funding for leading universities and cooperation between universities and corporations. Among the practical priorities for change, experts highlighted the introduction of innovative educational technologies, the development of practice-oriented programs, and the expansion of international cooperation at the institutional level. The evolution of reform goals from a focus on foreign models and internationalization to an emphasis on domestic scientific schools and the ideological framing of education as a national paradigm is demonstrated.Discussion and Conclusion. China’s experience of modernizing higher education represents a unique model that combines the strategic goal of achieving global scientific excellence with the preservation of national identity and strict centralized management. The authors’ conclusions contribute to the development of understanding of the institutional mechanisms of universities’ adaptation to state reforms in the field of higher education in China.