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The negative effect of liquid and gaseous fuel combustion is toxic gases (i.e., carbon and nitrogen oxides NOx) and particulate matter (PM) formation. The content of harmful and toxic components of exhaust gases is strongly dependent on the quality and type of burnt fuel. Experimental research is required to verify the use of current technical and technological solutions for the production of electricity on farms, using various types of conventional fuels and biofuels. The aim of the current research was to comprehensively verify the use of commonly available fuels and biofuels without adapting the internal combustion engine. Gaseous fuels—propane-butane mixture (LPG), compressed natural gas (CNG) and biogas (BG)—were added to liquid fuels—methyl esters of higher fatty acids (RME) and diesel fuel (DF)—in six different power configurations to evaluate the effect on the emission of toxic gases: carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), nitric dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM), and the efficiency of fuel conversion. The use of RME in various configurations with gaseous fuels increased the emission of oxides and reduced the emission of PM. Increasing the share of LPG and CNG significantly increased the level of NO emissions. The use of gaseous fuels reduced the efficiency of the generator, particularly in the case of co-firing with DF. For medium and high loads, the lowest decrease in efficiency was recorded for the RME configuration with BG. Taking into account the compromise between individual emissions and the configuration of RME with BG, the most advantageous approach is to use it in power generators.
Weronika Gracz; Damian Marcinkowski; Wojciech Golimowski; Filip Szwajca; Maria Strzelczyk; Jacek Wasilewski; Paweł Krzaczek. Multifaceted Comparison Efficiency and Emission Characteristics of Multi-Fuel Power Generator Fueled by Different Fuels and Biofuels. Energies 2021, 14, 3388 .
AMA StyleWeronika Gracz, Damian Marcinkowski, Wojciech Golimowski, Filip Szwajca, Maria Strzelczyk, Jacek Wasilewski, Paweł Krzaczek. Multifaceted Comparison Efficiency and Emission Characteristics of Multi-Fuel Power Generator Fueled by Different Fuels and Biofuels. Energies. 2021; 14 (12):3388.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWeronika Gracz; Damian Marcinkowski; Wojciech Golimowski; Filip Szwajca; Maria Strzelczyk; Jacek Wasilewski; Paweł Krzaczek. 2021. "Multifaceted Comparison Efficiency and Emission Characteristics of Multi-Fuel Power Generator Fueled by Different Fuels and Biofuels." Energies 14, no. 12: 3388.
The paper presents the results of a study on chemical composition of ashes from three types of waste biomass in terms of fertilizer usefulness. Waste from the process of corn grain drying, including corn cobs, corn grains and corn husk and their mixtures in the ratio 4:1 (v/v) were examined. The study proved that corn grain was the material with the highest concentration of macroelements among those studied (P—21,452 ppm, K—25,970 ppm, S—5911 ppm) and the mixture of corn cobs with corn grains (Ca—81,521 ppm). When microelements were considered, the highest concentration was recorded for corn cobs (Cu—207 ppm, Mn—844 ppm, Zn—857 ppm) and corn husk (Fe—15,100 ppm). The analysis of toxic elements in the ashes of the biomass studied showed their highest concentration in corn husk ash (Ni—494 ppm, Cr—301 ppm, Pb—42.7 ppm, As—4.62 ppm). The analysis showed that regardless of the type of biomass studied, all ashes were strongly enriched (in relation to the average soil content) with phosphorus and corn husk ash with calcium in particular. A slight enrichment in copper and lead was recorded for all ashes, and moderate or low for the other elements. It was found that the examined ashes from biomass, which is a residue from the drying of maize grain, have a high fertilizer usefulness.
Grzegorz Zając; Grzegorz Maj; Joanna Szyszlak-Bargłowicz; Tomasz Słowik; Paweł Krzaczek; Wojciech Gołębiowski; Marcin Dębowski. Evaluation of the Properties and Usefulness of Ashes from the Corn Grain Drying Process Biomass. Energies 2020, 13, 1290 .
AMA StyleGrzegorz Zając, Grzegorz Maj, Joanna Szyszlak-Bargłowicz, Tomasz Słowik, Paweł Krzaczek, Wojciech Gołębiowski, Marcin Dębowski. Evaluation of the Properties and Usefulness of Ashes from the Corn Grain Drying Process Biomass. Energies. 2020; 13 (5):1290.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrzegorz Zając; Grzegorz Maj; Joanna Szyszlak-Bargłowicz; Tomasz Słowik; Paweł Krzaczek; Wojciech Gołębiowski; Marcin Dębowski. 2020. "Evaluation of the Properties and Usefulness of Ashes from the Corn Grain Drying Process Biomass." Energies 13, no. 5: 1290.
This paper presents the results of the evaluation of the energy potential of waste from the process of drying corn grain in the form of corn cobs, damaged grains, corn grain husks, and mixtures of starting materials. A technical and elementary analysis was performed for the biomass under investigation. The elemental composition of ash and the tendencies for slagging and boiler slagging were determined, and the emission factors were estimated based on the elemental analysis performed. The tests showed the highest calorific value among the starting materials for corn cobs (CCs) (14.94 MJ·kg−1) and for the mixture of corn cobs with corn husk (CC–CH) (13.70 MJ·kg−1). The estimated emission factors were within ranges of 38.26–63.26 kg·Mg−1 for CO, 936–1549 kg·Mg−1 for CO2, 0.85–4.32 kg·Mg−1 for NOx, 0.91–1.03 kg·Mg−1 for SO2, and 3.88–54.31 kg·Mg−1 for dust. The research showed that the creation of mixtures from starting materials leads to materials with lower potential for negative environmental impact as well as a reduced risk of slagging and fouling of biomass boilers. However, taking into account all the parameters determined for the biomass under study, the highest energy potential was characteristic for corn cobs and the mixture of corn cobs with corn husk.
Grzegorz Maj; Joanna Szyszlak-Bargłowicz; Grzegorz Zając; Tomasz Słowik; Paweł Krzaczek; Wiesław Piekarski. Energy and Emission Characteristics of Biowaste from the Corn Grain Drying Process. Energies 2019, 12, 4383 .
AMA StyleGrzegorz Maj, Joanna Szyszlak-Bargłowicz, Grzegorz Zając, Tomasz Słowik, Paweł Krzaczek, Wiesław Piekarski. Energy and Emission Characteristics of Biowaste from the Corn Grain Drying Process. Energies. 2019; 12 (22):4383.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrzegorz Maj; Joanna Szyszlak-Bargłowicz; Grzegorz Zając; Tomasz Słowik; Paweł Krzaczek; Wiesław Piekarski. 2019. "Energy and Emission Characteristics of Biowaste from the Corn Grain Drying Process." Energies 12, no. 22: 4383.
Plant cultivation as an intermediate crop ensures the improvement of soil and water quality. Acquiring additional biomass from areas that remain without vegetation during the winter season allows for increasing its potential, which can be used for energy purposes. This work presents the results of physico-chemical properties analyses of six plant species grown as crops: beans (Vicia fabia equina), field pea (Pisum sativum subsp. arvense), white mustard (Sinapis alba), serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), common agrinomy (Agrimonia eupatoria L.), rye (Secale cereale). Plant material was obtained from experience conducted in laboratory conditions. Plants were grown in glass vases according to the root exudate recirculating system. The obtained biomass was subjected to the assessment of the content of basic and trace elements as well as the technical analysis of energy parameters. On the basis of the obtained research results, it was found that species of forecrop plants, irrespective of the method of cultivation, may constitute an additional source of biomass intended also for energy purposes.
Grzegorz Maj; Paweł Krzaczek; Ewa Stamirowska-Krzaczek; Halina Lipińska; Rafał Kornas. Assessment of energy and physicochemical biomass properties of selected forecrop plant species. Renewable Energy 2019, 143, 520 -529.
AMA StyleGrzegorz Maj, Paweł Krzaczek, Ewa Stamirowska-Krzaczek, Halina Lipińska, Rafał Kornas. Assessment of energy and physicochemical biomass properties of selected forecrop plant species. Renewable Energy. 2019; 143 ():520-529.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrzegorz Maj; Paweł Krzaczek; Ewa Stamirowska-Krzaczek; Halina Lipińska; Rafał Kornas. 2019. "Assessment of energy and physicochemical biomass properties of selected forecrop plant species." Renewable Energy 143, no. : 520-529.
The aim of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of the unit gas emission value in the exhaust of a dual fuel diesel engine. The results of the effects of a diesel engine’s applications in biogas plants and the method for calculating mass gas emissions per unit of produced electricity are shown. The test was performed using a two-cylinder, naturally aspirated, liquid-cooled diesel engine. The diesel engine powered a generator connected to the grid. The engine was fed with liquid fuels—waste cooking oil methyl ester (UCOME) and diesel fuel (DF)—and with a gas fuel, biogas (BG). The engine ran at a constant rotational speed (2000 rpm ± 30 rpm) with variable load. The gas analyzer measured the amount of CO, NO, NO2, and PM (particulate matter) in exhaust gas. This gas content share was then converted to mass per engine generated energy unit. This experiment showed the effect of BG introduced to the intake manifold on fuel combustion, as well as an increase in CO and NO2 emission and decrease in NO and PM. In terms of dependence of exhaust emissions on the type of liquid fuel used, the use of UCOME as opposed to diesel fuel resulted in PM reduction and increase of NO emissions.
Wojciech Golimowski; Paweł Krzaczek; Damian Marcinkowski; Weronika Gracz; Grzegorz Wałowski. Impact of Biogas and Waste Fats Methyl Esters on NO, NO2, CO, and PM Emission by Dual Fuel Diesel Engine. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1799 .
AMA StyleWojciech Golimowski, Paweł Krzaczek, Damian Marcinkowski, Weronika Gracz, Grzegorz Wałowski. Impact of Biogas and Waste Fats Methyl Esters on NO, NO2, CO, and PM Emission by Dual Fuel Diesel Engine. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (6):1799.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWojciech Golimowski; Paweł Krzaczek; Damian Marcinkowski; Weronika Gracz; Grzegorz Wałowski. 2019. "Impact of Biogas and Waste Fats Methyl Esters on NO, NO2, CO, and PM Emission by Dual Fuel Diesel Engine." Sustainability 11, no. 6: 1799.
The aim of the research was to determine the impact of biofuels from waste materials of plant and animal origin on the parameters of the common rail power supply system in the utility engine. The tests included identification of power system operation parameters in the whole load range of the tested engine, taking into account the limit and diagnostic parameters of the injectors operation. Then, for certain parameters, the engine injectors were tested on the test bench: injection pressure in the range of 25-135 MPa, injection time in the range of 200-1600 μs. In the tests, as reference fuel for testing injectors were used diesel fuel and three types of methyl esters of higher fatty acids: vegetable, animal and WCO origin. The measurements for individual fuels were made in the operating temperature range 30-60°C. The tests have shown significant changes in the volume of the fuel injection rates depending on the fuel used. Particularly, visible changes concerned the power system operation parameters for high engine speeds and the maximum working pressure of the common rail system in the engine.
Paweł Krzaczek; Arkadiusz Rybak; Andrzej Bochniak. The impact of selected biofuels on the performance parameters of the Common Rail power system in the utility engine. MATEC Web of Conferences 2018, 234, 03004 .
AMA StylePaweł Krzaczek, Arkadiusz Rybak, Andrzej Bochniak. The impact of selected biofuels on the performance parameters of the Common Rail power system in the utility engine. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2018; 234 ():03004.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaweł Krzaczek; Arkadiusz Rybak; Andrzej Bochniak. 2018. "The impact of selected biofuels on the performance parameters of the Common Rail power system in the utility engine." MATEC Web of Conferences 234, no. : 03004.
In this paper, we present a system for sequential detection of multiple gases using laser-based wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) method combined with a Herriot-type multi-pass cell. Concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and ammonia (NH3) are retrieved using three distributed feedback laser diodes operating at 1574.5 nm (H2S and CO2), 1651 nm (CH4), and 1531 nm (NH3). Careful adjustment of system parameters allows for H2S sensing at single parts-per-million by volume (ppmv) level with strongly reduced interference from adjacent CO2 transitions even at atmospheric pressure. System characterization in laboratory conditions is presented and the results from initial tests in real-world application are demonstrated.
Dorota Stachowiak; Piotr Jaworski; Paweł Krzaczek; Grzegorz Maj; Michał Nikodem. Laser-Based Monitoring of CH4, CO2, NH3, and H2S in Animal Farming—System Characterization and Initial Demonstration. Sensors 2018, 18, 529 .
AMA StyleDorota Stachowiak, Piotr Jaworski, Paweł Krzaczek, Grzegorz Maj, Michał Nikodem. Laser-Based Monitoring of CH4, CO2, NH3, and H2S in Animal Farming—System Characterization and Initial Demonstration. Sensors. 2018; 18 (2):529.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDorota Stachowiak; Piotr Jaworski; Paweł Krzaczek; Grzegorz Maj; Michał Nikodem. 2018. "Laser-Based Monitoring of CH4, CO2, NH3, and H2S in Animal Farming—System Characterization and Initial Demonstration." Sensors 18, no. 2: 529.
The stratification of in-cylinder mixtures appears to be an effective method for managing the combustion process in controlled auto-ignition (CAI) engines. Stratification can be achieved and controlled using various injection strategies such as split fuel injection and the introduction of a portion of fuel directly before the start of combustion. This study investigates the effect of injection timing and the amount of fuel injected for stratification on the combustion and emissions in CAI engine. The experimental research was performed on a single cylinder engine with direct gasoline injection. CAI combustion was achieved using negative valve overlap and exhaust gas trapping. The experiments were performed at constant engine fueling. Intake boost was applied to control the excess air ratio. The results show that the application of the late injection strategy has a significant effect on the heat release process. In general, the later the injection is and the more fuel is injected for stratification, the earlier the auto-ignition occurs. However, the experimental findings reveal that the effect of stratification on combustion duration is much more complex. Changes in combustion are reflected in NOX emissions. The attainable level of stratification is limited by the excessive emission of unburned hydrocarbons, CO and soot.
Jacek Hunicz; Aymen Tmar; Paweł Krzaczek. Effects of Mixture Stratification on Combustion and Emissions of Boosted Controlled Auto-Ignition Engines. Energies 2017, 10, 2172 .
AMA StyleJacek Hunicz, Aymen Tmar, Paweł Krzaczek. Effects of Mixture Stratification on Combustion and Emissions of Boosted Controlled Auto-Ignition Engines. Energies. 2017; 10 (12):2172.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacek Hunicz; Aymen Tmar; Paweł Krzaczek. 2017. "Effects of Mixture Stratification on Combustion and Emissions of Boosted Controlled Auto-Ignition Engines." Energies 10, no. 12: 2172.
The paper presents possibilities of using by ‒ products of the agri-food sector, in the form of sunflower husks, for energy purposes. Physical and chemical properties in the form of heat of combustion, calorific value for three moisture levels and ash content for two temperatures of combustion were determined and the carbon content (C), hydrogen content (H) and nitrogen content (N) were calculated pursuant to the PN-EN 15104 standard. Analysis of the heat of combustion and calorific value proved good energy properties of the investigated biomass. For the moisture level of 9%, 16%, 32% the heat of combustion was respectively 19.44 MJ∙kg-1, 17.94 MJ∙kg-1, 15.03 MJ∙kg-1, and the calorific value 18.09 MJ∙kg-1, 16.28 MJ∙kg-1, 13.16 MJ∙kg-1. The average ash content of the investigated biomass for the combustion temperature of 600°C and 815°C was respectively 2.12% and 2.04. In the analyzed biomass the nitrogen content was determined at the level of 1.57%, carbon of 43.87% and hydrogen of 6.29%.
Grzegorz Maj; Paweł Krzaczek; Andrzej Kuranc; Wiesław Piekarski. Energy Properties of Sunflower Seed Husk as Industrial Extrusion Residue. Agricultural Engineering 2017, 21, 77 -84.
AMA StyleGrzegorz Maj, Paweł Krzaczek, Andrzej Kuranc, Wiesław Piekarski. Energy Properties of Sunflower Seed Husk as Industrial Extrusion Residue. Agricultural Engineering. 2017; 21 (1):77-84.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrzegorz Maj; Paweł Krzaczek; Andrzej Kuranc; Wiesław Piekarski. 2017. "Energy Properties of Sunflower Seed Husk as Industrial Extrusion Residue." Agricultural Engineering 21, no. 1: 77-84.
The article presents calculations of unit fumes emission made based on the measurements of the fumes composition during a load test. The test was carried out with the use of a movable dynamometric stand adjusted for testing agricultural tractors by power take-off shaft. Calculations of unit emission were made based on the assumed flow of air sucked by an engine and the measured composition of fumes emitted during the load test. Results of tests and analyses supply information on the mass of particle matter and the selected gas elements emitted by an engine working under the load which was related to simultaneous determination of the exploitation characteristic of an engine. The presented methodology may be helpful at evaluation of impact of farm tractors on the environment within the hazardous fume components emitted by them.
Andrzej Kuranc; Tomasz Słowik; Paweł Krzaczek; Grzegorz Maj. Emission of Fumes of Ursus MF235 under Conditions of Load with The Use of a Movable Dynamometric Stand. Agricultural Engineering 2016, 20, 101 -112.
AMA StyleAndrzej Kuranc, Tomasz Słowik, Paweł Krzaczek, Grzegorz Maj. Emission of Fumes of Ursus MF235 under Conditions of Load with The Use of a Movable Dynamometric Stand. Agricultural Engineering. 2016; 20 (4):101-112.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrzej Kuranc; Tomasz Słowik; Paweł Krzaczek; Grzegorz Maj. 2016. "Emission of Fumes of Ursus MF235 under Conditions of Load with The Use of a Movable Dynamometric Stand." Agricultural Engineering 20, no. 4: 101-112.
Paweł Krzaczek. Study on catalytic activity of bimetallic Pd-Ag/Al2O3 catalysts for the oxidation of methane Badania aktywności bimetalicznych katalizatorów Pd-Ag/Al2O3 do utleniania metanu. PRZEMYSŁ CHEMICZNY 2016, 1, 70 -75.
AMA StylePaweł Krzaczek. Study on catalytic activity of bimetallic Pd-Ag/Al2O3 catalysts for the oxidation of methane Badania aktywności bimetalicznych katalizatorów Pd-Ag/Al2O3 do utleniania metanu. PRZEMYSŁ CHEMICZNY. 2016; 1 (11):70-75.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaweł Krzaczek. 2016. "Study on catalytic activity of bimetallic Pd-Ag/Al2O3 catalysts for the oxidation of methane Badania aktywności bimetalicznych katalizatorów Pd-Ag/Al2O3 do utleniania metanu." PRZEMYSŁ CHEMICZNY 1, no. 11: 70-75.
Arkadiusz Rybak; Michał Gęca; Paweł Krzaczek; Aleksander Mazanek. DETERMINATION OF COMMON RAIL INJECTOR FLOW CHARACTERISTICS WITH THE USE OF DIESEL AND BIODIESEL FUELS. Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport 2016, 23, 443 -450.
AMA StyleArkadiusz Rybak, Michał Gęca, Paweł Krzaczek, Aleksander Mazanek. DETERMINATION OF COMMON RAIL INJECTOR FLOW CHARACTERISTICS WITH THE USE OF DIESEL AND BIODIESEL FUELS. Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport. 2016; 23 (4):443-450.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArkadiusz Rybak; Michał Gęca; Paweł Krzaczek; Aleksander Mazanek. 2016. "DETERMINATION OF COMMON RAIL INJECTOR FLOW CHARACTERISTICS WITH THE USE OF DIESEL AND BIODIESEL FUELS." Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport 23, no. 4: 443-450.
The Polish Journal of Environmental Studies publishes original papers and critical reviews
Jacek Hunicz; Paweł Krzaczek. Detailed Speciation of Emissions from Low-Temperature Combustion in a Gasoline HCCI Engine. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 2016, 25, 137 -145.
AMA StyleJacek Hunicz, Paweł Krzaczek. Detailed Speciation of Emissions from Low-Temperature Combustion in a Gasoline HCCI Engine. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2016; 25 (1):137-145.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacek Hunicz; Paweł Krzaczek. 2016. "Detailed Speciation of Emissions from Low-Temperature Combustion in a Gasoline HCCI Engine." Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 25, no. 1: 137-145.
Halina Lipińska; Wojciech Lipiński; Paweł Krzaczek; Ewa Stamirowska-Krzaczek; Izabella Jackowska; Rafał Kornas. Effect of grass species and harvesting frequency on the content of macro-elements in waters in a lysimeter experiment. Journal of Elementology 2012, 1 .
AMA StyleHalina Lipińska, Wojciech Lipiński, Paweł Krzaczek, Ewa Stamirowska-Krzaczek, Izabella Jackowska, Rafał Kornas. Effect of grass species and harvesting frequency on the content of macro-elements in waters in a lysimeter experiment. Journal of Elementology. 2012; (2/2016):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHalina Lipińska; Wojciech Lipiński; Paweł Krzaczek; Ewa Stamirowska-Krzaczek; Izabella Jackowska; Rafał Kornas. 2012. "Effect of grass species and harvesting frequency on the content of macro-elements in waters in a lysimeter experiment." Journal of Elementology , no. 2/2016: 1.