Energy storage emerged as a top concern for the modern cities, and the choice of the lithium-ion chemistry battery technology as an effective solution for storage applications proved to be a highly efficient option. State of charge (SoC) represents the available battery capacity and is one of the most important states that need to be monitored to optimize the performance and extend the lifetime of batteries. This review summarizes the methods for SoC estimation for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). The SoC estimation methods are presented focusing on the description of the techniques and the elaboration of their weaknesses for the use in on-line battery management systems (BMS) applications. SoC estimation is a challenging task hindered by considerable changes in battery characteristics over its lifetime due to aging and to the distinct nonlinear behavior. This has led scholars to propose different methods that clearly raised the challenge of establishing a relationship between the accuracy and robustness of the methods, and their low complexity to be implemented. This paper publishes an exhaustive review of the works presented during the last five years, where the tendency of the estimation techniques has been oriented toward a mixture of probabilistic techniques and some artificial intelligence.

Speckle reduction in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images is a crucial challenge for effective image analysis and interpretation in remote sensing applications. This study proposes a novel deep learning-based approach using autoencoder architectures for SAR image despeckling, incorporating analysis of variance (ANOVA) for hyperparameter optimization. The research addresses significant gaps in existing methods, such as the lack of rigorous model evaluation and the absence of systematic optimization techniques for deep learning models in SAR image processing. The methodology involves training 240 autoencoder models on real-world SAR data, with performance metrics evaluated using Mean Squared Error (MSE), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), and Equivalent Number of Looks (ENL). By employing Pareto frontier optimization, the study identifies models that effectively balance denoising performance with the preservation of image fidelity. The results demonstrate substantial improvements in speckle reduction and image quality, validating the effectiveness of the proposed approach. This work advances the application of deep learning in SAR image denoising, offering a comprehensive framework for model evaluation and optimization.

Este artículo presenta una metodología para predecir estados funcionales en procesos complejos a partir de la estimación de grados de pertenencia difusos. La propuesta integra una medida estática como es el resultado de un clasificador difuso entrenado con los datos históricos del proceso y un algoritmo de estimación basado en la teoría de Markov para eventos discretos. La propuesta, que puede ser integrada a un sistema de monitoreo de sistemas complejos, comprende dos etapas: una etapa de entrenamiento fuera de línea para definir el clasificador difuso y el estimador; y una etapa en línea donde se realizan la clasificación de la situación actual del proceso y la estimación del estado funcional para el siguiente tiempo de muestreo. La propuesta desarrollada para la estimación de estados funcionales permite utilizar cualquier método de agrupamiento difuso que suministre la información base que requiere la metodología. La metodología fue probada con éxito en un sistema de monitoreo para una línea de transmisión de energía y en el monitoreo de un sistema de caldera.

A multivariable clustering methodology was evaluated using the LAMDA algorithm as an alternative tool for analyzing air quality data. This analysis was based on the assessment of marginal and global adequacy degrees for classification using temporal records of PM_2.5 data. This study was conducted before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Aburrá Valley, Colombia. A total of 244 samples were collected between 1 December 2018, and 23 November 2020, over 24-h periods at a frequency of three days per week, including weekends. A robust classifier was developed for the PM_2.5 dataset, demonstrating that the selected descriptors significantly influenced classification outcomes. The average value for each class fell within the established ranges of the air quality index (AQI). According to AQI scales, the “good” and “acceptable” categories accounted for 95.1% of the monitored days. Class C2 (“acceptable”) was the most prevalent, representing 66% of the records, while the category harmful to sensitive groups (4.5%) was observed in eleven instances. Additionally, only one record (0.4%) fell into the category harmful to health (C4). The proportions of C1 and C2 classifications before and during the pandemic were 93.7% and 97.7%, respectively. The improvement in air quality due to COVID-19 restrictions is evident, as 57% of the observations during the pandemic were classified as “good” (C1), compared to only 13.9% before the pandemic. The visualization of classification results through easily interpretable graphs serves as a valuable decision-making tool, integrating not only real-time PM_2.5 measurements but also historical trends of the study area.

Introducción-Al conducir, la persona se encuentra expuesta a diferentes estímulos que pueden llevar a que se ocasione accidentes. Aunque Numerosas propuestas tecnológicas se han presentado para mantener monitoreado al conductor, estas han pasado por alto el estado anímico en el que este se encuentra, el cual podría generar efectos negativos en la capacidad de reacción al conducir. Objetivo- Buscar diferentes alternativas de inteligencia artificial para el análisis permanente de rostros de conductores, con el fin de encontrar un buen modelo de clasificación de expresión facial (feliz, enojo, sorpresa, neutral). Metodología- La metodología utilizada consiste en la selección de una base de datos que es preprocesada, para posteriormente entrenar diferentes modelos y realizar comparaciones de precisión entre ellos. Resultados- Se logra encontrar una precisión mayor al 80% en la detección del estado anímico del usuario. Y se logra migrar el modelo a un sistema de monitoreo portátil. Conclusiones- En este caso particular los métodos de aprendizaje de maquina tradicionales (machine learning) consumen menos tiempo a la hora de clasificar, sin embargo, estos son superados en precisión por un aprendizaje profundo.