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Leonard Tsuji
Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada

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Journal article
Published: 22 July 2021 in Sustainability
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To address food insecurity in northern Canada, some isolated communities started gardening initiatives to reduce dependencies on expensive foods flown in to communities. From 2012–2014, soils in northern Ontario James Bay lowlands were cultivated with bush beans and potatoes, grown in sole and intercropping configurations, in an open field and an agroforestry system enclosed by willow trees. The objective of this study was to compare the supply rates of 15 plant-available nutrients in these soils using in situ ion exchange membranes. After three years of cultivation, the agroforestry site had significantly greater supply of PO4, Ca, and Zn and these nutrients had positive correlations with yield. By contrast, the open site had significantly greater supply of Mg, SO4, and B; these nutrients, and Al, had negative correlations with yield. Whilst there were no differences between sole and intercropping configurations, significantly greater supply of NO3, Ca, Cu, Fe, and Zn occurred early in the growing season, compared to significantly greater supply of K, SO4, B, and Al later in the season. Significantly greater yields have been harvested in the agroforestry site and it is suspected that the presence of a willow shelterbelt improves the microclimate and plant-available PO4, Ca, and Zn.

ACS Style

Jim Karagatzides; Meaghan Wilton; Leonard Tsuji. Soil Nutrient Supply in Cultivated Bush Bean–Potato Intercropping Grown in Subarctic Soil Managed with Agroforestry. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8185 .

AMA Style

Jim Karagatzides, Meaghan Wilton, Leonard Tsuji. Soil Nutrient Supply in Cultivated Bush Bean–Potato Intercropping Grown in Subarctic Soil Managed with Agroforestry. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8185.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jim Karagatzides; Meaghan Wilton; Leonard Tsuji. 2021. "Soil Nutrient Supply in Cultivated Bush Bean–Potato Intercropping Grown in Subarctic Soil Managed with Agroforestry." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8185.

Review
Published: 02 July 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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For many Indigenous communities, decreased participation in traditional land-based activities has led to higher rates of chronic disease and a decrease in well-being. This systematic review explores how traditional land-based activities impact self-reported health and well-being of Indigenous adults, using Indigenous and Western perspectives. A search of three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) identified nine studies which explored the experiences and perspectives of Indigenous adults taking part in land-based subsistence and ceremonial activities. A thematic analysis of these studies identified many interconnected physical, spiritual, mental, emotional, and community benefits. Community engagement throughout all stages of the interventions was an important factor in effectively addressing challenges and barriers stemming from colonization, decreased knowledge transfer, and increased use of technology. Participants reported developing more effective stress management techniques, a greater awareness of modifiable risk factors along with increased engagement with Elders. Ultimately, land-based subsistence and ceremonial activities were identified as playing an influential role in the lives of Indigenous adults. The involvement of community members allowed for the development of more culturally relevant interventions. Future community-specific research is needed to increase engagement in traditional physical-activities, improve well-being and overall reduce the risk of chronic disease.

ACS Style

Fatima Ahmed; Aleksandra Zuk; Leonard Tsuji. The Impact of Land-Based Physical Activity Interventions on Self-Reported Health and Well-Being of Indigenous Adults: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7099 .

AMA Style

Fatima Ahmed, Aleksandra Zuk, Leonard Tsuji. The Impact of Land-Based Physical Activity Interventions on Self-Reported Health and Well-Being of Indigenous Adults: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (13):7099.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fatima Ahmed; Aleksandra Zuk; Leonard Tsuji. 2021. "The Impact of Land-Based Physical Activity Interventions on Self-Reported Health and Well-Being of Indigenous Adults: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 7099.

Journal article
Published: 20 April 2021 in Environmental Advances
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Evaluating complex mixtures and their associated health effects poses a challenge in human populations. Herein, we assess the association between 17 organic and metal contaminants in blood with thyroid hormones in a remote Indigenous (First Nations) region from Quebec, Canada (n=526). Using principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the number of variables, we generated varimax rotated principal component (PC) loadings of contaminants on these uncorrelated synthetic axes. Associations with levels of thyroid hormones (TSH, free T4, and total T3) were conducted using multivariable linear regression methods with the participant PC loadings and adjusting for covariates. Additionally, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) analysis was used to evaluate the univariate contaminant exposure effect as well as the contaminant mixture effects on levels of thyroid hormones. Significant and positive associations were found between total T3 and PC-2 (high positive nickel and cadmium loadings), total T3 and PC-3 (negative association with negative loading for nickel and positive loading for cadmium) and TSH and PC-1 (high positive loadings for organic contaminants). No significant observations were observed for free T4. BKMR provided additional insight into the PCA results and suggested that nickel, and not cadmium, was responsible for driving the observed effects with this effect remaining when evaluating the entire mixture. BKMR analysis did not support the association of TSH with organic contaminants that were found in the PCA regression. Our findings reinforced other studies which showed that metals such as nickel may alter thyroid hormone levels and highlighted how complex environmental mixtures interact with each other. These observations represent an important step to determining how complex mixtures of contaminants can be assessed in human populations, especially those living a subsistence lifestyle who may have high body burdens of contaminants, and to help understand the resultant net effect of exposures on endogenous thyroid hormones utilizing novel machine learning statistical methods.

ACS Style

Eric N. Liberda; Aleksandra M. Zuk; David S. Di; Robert J. Moriarity; Ian D. Martin; Leonard J.S. Tsuji. Complex environmental contaminant mixtures and their associations with thyroid hormones using supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques. Environmental Advances 2021, 4, 100054 .

AMA Style

Eric N. Liberda, Aleksandra M. Zuk, David S. Di, Robert J. Moriarity, Ian D. Martin, Leonard J.S. Tsuji. Complex environmental contaminant mixtures and their associations with thyroid hormones using supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques. Environmental Advances. 2021; 4 ():100054.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eric N. Liberda; Aleksandra M. Zuk; David S. Di; Robert J. Moriarity; Ian D. Martin; Leonard J.S. Tsuji. 2021. "Complex environmental contaminant mixtures and their associations with thyroid hormones using supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques." Environmental Advances 4, no. : 100054.

Journal article
Published: 16 November 2020 in Environmental Research
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Obesity incidence and prevalence is of increasing concern in First Nations communities around Canada. In addition to diet and physical activity, environmental pollutants have been suggested as a potential contributory factor to obesity associated morbidity. Owing to the exposure of Cree First Nations people to various persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and toxic metals, it is important to examine the association between obesity in these communities, and contaminant body burdens. To determine whether selected morphometry measures (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC] and body fat percentage) are associated with body burdens of 10 POPs and toxic metals. Using data from the Nituuchischaayihtitaau Aschii Multi-community Environment-and-Health study in the eastern James Bay (Eeyou Istchee) Cree communities, this cross-sectional study examined morphometric and contaminant measures of 695 eligible participants. Sex stratified principal component analysis was conducted on blood plasma concentrations of 10 POPs and toxic metals. BMI, WC, body fat percent, and resultant contaminant components were used to create generalized linear models, and adjusted for covariates (age, total lipids, smoking, and n-3 fatty acids). Two principal components (PCs; PC-1 and PC-2) were extracted for both males and females. For females, PC-1 explained 73.3% and PC-2 explained 10.5%, and for males, PC-1 explained 71.6% and PC-2 explained 11.2% of the variance in contaminant burden. For both sexes, PC-1 loaded highly for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, organochlorine pesticides and, to a lesser extent, mercury and lead. PC-2 loaded highly for cadmium for females, and cadmium and lead for males. After adjusting for covariates, the generalized linear model showed that PC-2 was significantly and negatively associated with BMI, body fat percent, and WC in males and females. Our cross-sectional analysis indicates a negative association between cadmium with various obesity measures in both males and females. Null associations were found between PCBs and organochlorine pesticides and morphometry.

ACS Style

Lamia Akbar; Aleksandra M. Zuk; Ian D. Martin; Eric N. Liberda; Leonard J.S. Tsuji. Potential obesogenic effect of a complex contaminant mixture on Cree First Nations adults of Northern Québec, Canada. Environmental Research 2020, 192, 110478 .

AMA Style

Lamia Akbar, Aleksandra M. Zuk, Ian D. Martin, Eric N. Liberda, Leonard J.S. Tsuji. Potential obesogenic effect of a complex contaminant mixture on Cree First Nations adults of Northern Québec, Canada. Environmental Research. 2020; 192 ():110478.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lamia Akbar; Aleksandra M. Zuk; Ian D. Martin; Eric N. Liberda; Leonard J.S. Tsuji. 2020. "Potential obesogenic effect of a complex contaminant mixture on Cree First Nations adults of Northern Québec, Canada." Environmental Research 192, no. : 110478.

Review
Published: 09 November 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Traditional physical activities have numerous physiological and psychosocial benefits for Indigenous youth around the world. Little is known about the positive health and wellness impacts of traditional physical activity experiences on Indigenous youths. The aim of this systematic review is to explore the holistic health and wellness impacts of traditional physical activities on Indigenous youth from certain North American and Oceania geographic areas. A systematic search of four electronic databases (PubMed, ERIC, Scopus and Web of Science) was conducted to identify peer-reviewed publications of qualitative research exploring the diverse health experiences of traditional physical activities for Indigenous youth in Canada, the United States of America, New Zealand and Australia. A qualitative synthesis of studies between 2006 and 2018 were included, and findings were synthesized using an integrated Indigenous-ecological model, which broadly captures health and wellness impacts under intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community and policy level outcomes using medicine wheel teachings. In total, nine studies were identified via this search. Overall, the literature described numerous emotional, mental and spiritual benefits of traditional physical activity, and youth experiences were affected by familial and communal relationships, and systemic factors. Among Indigenous youth, this research shows the importance of including traditional physical activity in future programs and partnerships with community expertise.

ACS Style

Lamia Akbar; Aleksandra M. Zuk; Leonard J. S. Tsuji. Health and Wellness Impacts of Traditional Physical Activity Experiences on Indigenous Youth: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 8275 .

AMA Style

Lamia Akbar, Aleksandra M. Zuk, Leonard J. S. Tsuji. Health and Wellness Impacts of Traditional Physical Activity Experiences on Indigenous Youth: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (21):8275.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lamia Akbar; Aleksandra M. Zuk; Leonard J. S. Tsuji. 2020. "Health and Wellness Impacts of Traditional Physical Activity Experiences on Indigenous Youth: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8275.

Journal article
Published: 03 November 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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By breaking down barriers that impacted the ability of subarctic First Nations people to harvest waterfowl, the Sharing-the-Harvest program provided a safe, nutritious, and culturally appropriate food (i.e., geese) to James Bay Cree communities while also helping to protect the environment by harvesting overabundant geese. However, the impacts extend beyond those described above. Thus, the objectives of the present paper are twofold: to document the food sharing networks of the Sharing-the-Harvest program; and to examine the benefits associated with the harvest program beyond food security and environmental sustainability issues, as revealed through semi-directed interviews. In the regional initiative, harvested geese were shared with all James Bay communities; sharing is an important part of Cree culture. Where detailed information was collected, the goose-sharing network reached 76% of the homes in one of the communities. Likewise, in the local initiative, the goose-sharing network had a 76% coverage rate of the homes in the community. Although decreasing food insecurity was an important focus of the harvest-sharing programs, there were other benefits, from an Indigenous perspective, of being on the land, as identified by the Cree harvesters through semi-directed interviews (e.g., the transmission of Indigenous knowledge, the strengthening of social networks, and the feeling of wellness while out on-the-land). Thus, by participating in the on-the-land harvest programs, the Cree gained benefits beyond those solely related to strengthening food security and contributing in part to environmental sustainability. The Sharing-the-Harvest protocol has the potential to be adapted and employed by other Indigenous (or marginalized) groups worldwide, to help improve health and wellness, while, also protecting the environment from overabundant and/or invasive species.

ACS Style

Leonard Tsuji; Stephen Tsuji; Aleksandra Zuk; Roger Davey; Eric Liberda. Harvest Programs in First Nations of Subarctic Canada: The Benefits Go Beyond Addressing Food Security and Environmental Sustainability Issues. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 8113 .

AMA Style

Leonard Tsuji, Stephen Tsuji, Aleksandra Zuk, Roger Davey, Eric Liberda. Harvest Programs in First Nations of Subarctic Canada: The Benefits Go Beyond Addressing Food Security and Environmental Sustainability Issues. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (21):8113.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Leonard Tsuji; Stephen Tsuji; Aleksandra Zuk; Roger Davey; Eric Liberda. 2020. "Harvest Programs in First Nations of Subarctic Canada: The Benefits Go Beyond Addressing Food Security and Environmental Sustainability Issues." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8113.

Journal article
Published: 28 October 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Diabetes mellitus is a growing public health problem affecting persons in both developed and developing nations. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is reported to be several times higher among Indigenous populations compared to their non-Indigenous counterparts. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) is a potential tool that can be used to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of Indigenous health-and-wellness programs (e.g., on-the-land programs, T2DM interventions), by creating a type of pre-and-post-program scoring system. As the communities of the Eeyou Istchee territory, subarctic Quebec, Canada, have varying degrees of isolation, we derived a DFA tool for point-of-contact evaluations to aid in monitoring and assessment of health-and-wellness programs in rural and remote locations. We developed several DFA models to discriminate between those with and without T2DM status using age, fasting blood glucose, body mass index, waist girth, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and total cholesterol in participants from the Eeyou Istchee. The models showed a ~97% specificity (i.e., true positives for non-T2DM) in classification. This study highlights how varying risk factor models can be used to discriminate those without T2DM with high specificity among James Bay Cree communities in Canada.

ACS Style

Eric N. Liberda; Aleksandra M. Zuk; Ian D. Martin; Leonard J. S. Tsuji. Fisher’s Linear Discriminant Function Analysis and its Potential Utility as a Tool for the Assessment of Health-and-Wellness Programs in Indigenous Communities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7894 .

AMA Style

Eric N. Liberda, Aleksandra M. Zuk, Ian D. Martin, Leonard J. S. Tsuji. Fisher’s Linear Discriminant Function Analysis and its Potential Utility as a Tool for the Assessment of Health-and-Wellness Programs in Indigenous Communities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (21):7894.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eric N. Liberda; Aleksandra M. Zuk; Ian D. Martin; Leonard J. S. Tsuji. 2020. "Fisher’s Linear Discriminant Function Analysis and its Potential Utility as a Tool for the Assessment of Health-and-Wellness Programs in Indigenous Communities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 7894.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2017 in Sustainability
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To ease food insecurities in northern Canada, some remote communities started gardening initiatives to gain more access to locally grown foods. Bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) were assessed for N, P, K, Mg, and Ca concentrations of foliage as indicators of plant nutrition in a calcareous silty loam soil of northern Ontario James Bay lowlands. Crops were grown in sole cropping and intercropping configurations, with comparisons made between an open field and an agroforestry site enclosed with willow (Salix spp.) trees. Foliage chemical analysis of the sites revealed an abundance of Ca, adequacies for Mg and N, and deficiencies in P and K. Intercropping bean and potato did not show significant crop–crop facilitation for nutrients. The agroforestry site showed to be a superior management practice for the James Bay lowland region, specifically for P. The agroforestry site had significantly greater P for bean plant (p = 0.024) and potato foliage (p = 0.002) compared to the open site. It is suspected that the presence of willows improve plant available P to bean and potatoes by tree root—crop root interactions and microclimate enhancements.

ACS Style

Meaghan J. Wilton; Jim D. Karagatzides; Leonard J. S. Tsuji. Nutrient Concentrations of Bush Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivated in Subarctic Soils Managed with Intercropping and Willow (Salix spp.) Agroforestry. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2294 .

AMA Style

Meaghan J. Wilton, Jim D. Karagatzides, Leonard J. S. Tsuji. Nutrient Concentrations of Bush Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivated in Subarctic Soils Managed with Intercropping and Willow (Salix spp.) Agroforestry. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (12):2294.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meaghan J. Wilton; Jim D. Karagatzides; Leonard J. S. Tsuji. 2017. "Nutrient Concentrations of Bush Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivated in Subarctic Soils Managed with Intercropping and Willow (Salix spp.) Agroforestry." Sustainability 9, no. 12: 2294.

Journal article
Published: 11 January 2017 in Rural and Remote Health
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Avian influenza virus (AIV) prevalence has been associated with wild game and other bird species. The contamination of these birds may pose a greater risk to those who regularly hunt and consumed infected species. Due to resident concerns communicated by local Band Council, hunter-harvested birds from a remote First Nation community in subArctic Ontario, Canada were assessed for AIV. Hunters, and especially those who live a subsistence lifestyle, are at higher risk of AIV exposure due to their increased contact with wild birds, which represent an important part of their diet. Cloacal swabs from 304 harvested game birds representing several species of wild birds commonly hunted and consumed in this First Nation community were analyzed for AIV using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Subtyping was performed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Sequences were assembled using Lasergene, and the sequences were compared to Genbank. In total, 16 of the 304 cloacal swab samples were positive for AIV. Of the 16 positive samples, 12 were found in mallard ducks, 3 were found in snow geese (wavies), and 1 positive sample was found in partridge. The AIV samples were subtyped, when possible, and found to be positive for the low pathogenic avian influenza virus subtypes H3 and H4. No samples were positive for subtypes of human concern, namely H5 and H7. This work represents the first AIV monitoring program results of hunter-harvested birds in a remote subsistence First Nation community. Community-level surveillance of AIV in remote subsistence hunting communities may help to identify future risks, while educating those who may have the highest exposure about proper handling of hunted birds. Ultimately, only low pathogenic strains of AIV were found, but monitoring should be continued and expanded to safeguard those with the highest exposure risk to AIV.

ACS Style

Eric N Liberda; Richard Meldrum; Nadia A Charania; Robert Davey; Leonard Js Tsuji. Avian influenza prevalence among hunter-harvested birds in a remote Canadian First Nation community. Rural and Remote Health 2017, 17, 3864 .

AMA Style

Eric N Liberda, Richard Meldrum, Nadia A Charania, Robert Davey, Leonard Js Tsuji. Avian influenza prevalence among hunter-harvested birds in a remote Canadian First Nation community. Rural and Remote Health. 2017; 17 (1):3864.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eric N Liberda; Richard Meldrum; Nadia A Charania; Robert Davey; Leonard Js Tsuji. 2017. "Avian influenza prevalence among hunter-harvested birds in a remote Canadian First Nation community." Rural and Remote Health 17, no. 1: 3864.

Journal article
Published: 08 May 2015 in Sustainability
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Aboriginal people in Canada experience disproportionately high rates of diet-related illnesses, such as obesity and diabetes. Food insecurity has been identified as a contributing factor to these illnesses along with a loss of traditional lifestyle. Current food systems within northern subarctic and arctic regions of Canada rely heavily on imported foods that are expensive (when available), and are environmentally unsustainable. A warming subarctic and arctic climate present challenges, but also offers the opportunity for local agricultural production that can increase food security and promote a more sustainable food system. In this study the feasibility of sustainably growing potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) utilizing agroforestry practices to enhance food security in remote subarctic communities is explored through a case study in Fort Albany First Nation in northern Ontario, Canada. Potato crops were grown over a two-year period and rotated into plots that had been planted with green bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Results showed that potatoes and bush beans could be grown successfully in the subarctic without the use of greenhouses with yields comparable to more conventional high-input agricultural methods. In subarctic Canada, sustainable local food production can help to promote social capital, healthier lifestyles, and food security.

ACS Style

Christine D. Barbeau; Maren Oelbermann; Jim D. Karagatzides; Leonard J. S. Tsuji. Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change: Producing Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) and Bush Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for Improved Food Security and Resilience in a Canadian Subarctic First Nations Community. Sustainability 2015, 7, 5664 -5681.

AMA Style

Christine D. Barbeau, Maren Oelbermann, Jim D. Karagatzides, Leonard J. S. Tsuji. Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change: Producing Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) and Bush Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for Improved Food Security and Resilience in a Canadian Subarctic First Nations Community. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (5):5664-5681.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine D. Barbeau; Maren Oelbermann; Jim D. Karagatzides; Leonard J. S. Tsuji. 2015. "Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change: Producing Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) and Bush Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for Improved Food Security and Resilience in a Canadian Subarctic First Nations Community." Sustainability 7, no. 5: 5664-5681.

Conference paper
Published: 03 November 2014 in Proceedings of The 4th World Sustainability Forum
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This study will compare Canadian and Australian case studies to glean insights and compile lessons learned to better understand how resource development should occur in a way that fosters Indigenous peoples' cultural wellbeing in the present and the future. Both Indigenous populations experienced the institutional effects of European settler state policies, which subsequently engendered forms of social and political colonialism, and both Indigenous populations have had similar experiences with transnational mining companies encroaching on traditional lands as part of a broader process of globalization. We contend that we need a fundamentally different approach to resource development that affects Indigenous traditional lands in both Ontario, Canada, and NSW, Australia; one that takes into consideration the core values needed to sustain Indigenous cultural wellbeing in the present and the future.

ACS Style

Denis Kirchhoff; Graham Whitelaw; Leonard Tsuji. The Potential Use of Strategic Environmental Assessment to Protect the Core Elements of Indigenous Culture: Exploring Subtractive and Additive Processes and the Implications of Resource. Proceedings of The 4th World Sustainability Forum 2014, 1 .

AMA Style

Denis Kirchhoff, Graham Whitelaw, Leonard Tsuji. The Potential Use of Strategic Environmental Assessment to Protect the Core Elements of Indigenous Culture: Exploring Subtractive and Additive Processes and the Implications of Resource. Proceedings of The 4th World Sustainability Forum. 2014; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Denis Kirchhoff; Graham Whitelaw; Leonard Tsuji. 2014. "The Potential Use of Strategic Environmental Assessment to Protect the Core Elements of Indigenous Culture: Exploring Subtractive and Additive Processes and the Implications of Resource." Proceedings of The 4th World Sustainability Forum , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 28 October 2014 in BMC Public Health
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There is concern of avian influenza virus (AIV) infections in humans. Subsistence hunters may be a potential risk group for AIV infections as they frequently come into close contact with wild birds and the aquatic habitats of birds while harvesting. This study aimed to examine if knowledge and risk perception of avian influenza influenced the use of protective measures and attitudes about hunting influenza-infected birds among subsistence hunters. Using a community-based participatory research approach, a cross-sectional survey was conducted with current subsistence hunters (n = 106) residing in a remote and isolated First Nations community in northern Ontario, Canada from November 10–25, 2013. Simple descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the distributions and relationships between variables. Written responses were deductively analyzed. ANOVA showed that males hunted significantly more birds per year than did females (F1,96 = 12.1; p = 0.001) and that those who hunted significantly more days per year did not perceive a risk of AIV infection (F1,94 = 4.4; p = 0.040). Hunters engaged in bird harvesting practices that could expose them to AIVs, namely by cleaning, plucking, and gutting birds and having direct contact with water. It was reported that 18 (17.0%) hunters wore gloves and 2 (1.9%) hunters wore goggles while processing birds. The majority of hunters washed their hands (n = 105; 99.1%) and sanitized their equipment (n = 69; 65.1%) after processing birds. More than half of the participants reported being aware of avian influenza, while almost one third perceived a risk of AIV infection while harvesting birds. Participants aware of avian influenza were more likely to perceive a risk of AIV infection while harvesting birds. Our results suggest that knowledge positively influenced the use of a recommended protective measure. Regarding attitudes, the frequency of participants who would cease harvesting birds was highest if avian influenza was detected in regional birds (n = 55; 51.9%). Our study indicated a need for more education about avian influenza and precautionary behaviours that are culturally-appropriate. First Nations subsistence hunters should be considered an avian influenza risk group and have associated special considerations included in future influenza pandemic plans.

ACS Style

Nadia A Charania; Ian D Martin; Eric N Liberda; Richard Meldrum; Leonard J S Tsuji. Bird harvesting practices and knowledge, risk perceptions, and attitudes regarding avian influenza among Canadian First Nations subsistence hunters: implications for influenza pandemic plans. BMC Public Health 2014, 14, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Nadia A Charania, Ian D Martin, Eric N Liberda, Richard Meldrum, Leonard J S Tsuji. Bird harvesting practices and knowledge, risk perceptions, and attitudes regarding avian influenza among Canadian First Nations subsistence hunters: implications for influenza pandemic plans. BMC Public Health. 2014; 14 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nadia A Charania; Ian D Martin; Eric N Liberda; Richard Meldrum; Leonard J S Tsuji. 2014. "Bird harvesting practices and knowledge, risk perceptions, and attitudes regarding avian influenza among Canadian First Nations subsistence hunters: implications for influenza pandemic plans." BMC Public Health 14, no. 1: 1-11.

Articles
Published: 04 March 2014 in Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal
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In Canada, the use of omnibus budget bills in recent years has grown substantially. In 2012, it was used twice by the Government of Canada. As a result, a number of substantial changes to environmental legislation were introduced with virtually no debate nor compromise. This situation has been criticized for seriously reducing the credibility of the budget process and the authority of Parliament in Canada, as well as undermining the transparency and accountability of the policy-making process. This paper describes how changes to major policies through the use of omnibus bills (all, arguably, in the name of faster project review decisions) affect not only established environmental protection efforts, but also the public and Aboriginal (First Nations, Inuit and Metis) peoples, particularly in terms of their capacity to effectively participate in resource development.

ACS Style

Denis Kirchhoff; Leonard J.S. Tsuji. Reading between the lines of the ‘Responsible Resource Development’ rhetoric: the use of omnibus bills to ‘streamline’ Canadian environmental legislation. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 2014, 32, 108 -120.

AMA Style

Denis Kirchhoff, Leonard J.S. Tsuji. Reading between the lines of the ‘Responsible Resource Development’ rhetoric: the use of omnibus bills to ‘streamline’ Canadian environmental legislation. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal. 2014; 32 (2):108-120.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Denis Kirchhoff; Leonard J.S. Tsuji. 2014. "Reading between the lines of the ‘Responsible Resource Development’ rhetoric: the use of omnibus bills to ‘streamline’ Canadian environmental legislation." Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 32, no. 2: 108-120.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2013 in The International Journal of Technology, Knowledge, and Society
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ACS Style

Nadia A. Charania; N Cowan; Leonard J. S. Tsuji. Health Care Delivery in Remote and Isolated First Nations Communities in Canada: The Need for a Collaborative Health Informatics System. The International Journal of Technology, Knowledge, and Society 2013, 8, 71 -84.

AMA Style

Nadia A. Charania, N Cowan, Leonard J. S. Tsuji. Health Care Delivery in Remote and Isolated First Nations Communities in Canada: The Need for a Collaborative Health Informatics System. The International Journal of Technology, Knowledge, and Society. 2013; 8 (5):71-84.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nadia A. Charania; N Cowan; Leonard J. S. Tsuji. 2013. "Health Care Delivery in Remote and Isolated First Nations Communities in Canada: The Need for a Collaborative Health Informatics System." The International Journal of Technology, Knowledge, and Society 8, no. 5: 71-84.