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Cotton seed production is the main form of agriculture in Xinjiang, China. Unreasonable distribution of cotton seed production results in a waste of water, land, and human resources. In this study, we established a hierarchical classification integrating method; investigated the spatial suitability of climate, land and water resources, and infrastructure; examined the production risk and planting history; and integrated spatial suitability and production risk and history to produce the spatial layout of seed production for early-maturing cotton (EMC), early–medium-maturing cotton (EMMC), and long staple cotton (LSC) in Xinjiang. The results indicated that the appropriate areas for EMC, EMMC, and LSC seed production are 6.4 × 105, 5.5 × 105, and 3.6 × 105 ha, respectively. By combining the suitable areas of seed production for the three cotton species, we concluded that the superior and most suitable area for producing cotton seed of EMC, EMMC, or LSC is located in the western Tarim Basin. The sub-suitable area for cotton seed production of EMC, EMMC, or LSC is mostly distributed in the western and northern Tarim Basin. This research provides a good solution to the selection of cotton seed production base; however, adoption will depend on the actual preference and market factors.
Yingnan Niu; Gaodi Xie; Yu Xiao; Keyu Qin; Jingya Liu; Yangyang Wang; Shuang Gan; Mengdong Huang; Jia Liu; Caixia Zhang; Changshun Zhang. Spatial Layout of Cotton Seed Production Based on Hierarchical Classification: A Case Study in Xinjiang, China. Agriculture 2021, 11, 759 .
AMA StyleYingnan Niu, Gaodi Xie, Yu Xiao, Keyu Qin, Jingya Liu, Yangyang Wang, Shuang Gan, Mengdong Huang, Jia Liu, Caixia Zhang, Changshun Zhang. Spatial Layout of Cotton Seed Production Based on Hierarchical Classification: A Case Study in Xinjiang, China. Agriculture. 2021; 11 (8):759.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYingnan Niu; Gaodi Xie; Yu Xiao; Keyu Qin; Jingya Liu; Yangyang Wang; Shuang Gan; Mengdong Huang; Jia Liu; Caixia Zhang; Changshun Zhang. 2021. "Spatial Layout of Cotton Seed Production Based on Hierarchical Classification: A Case Study in Xinjiang, China." Agriculture 11, no. 8: 759.
The pattern of grain self-sufficiency plays a fundamental role in maintaining food security. We analyzed the patterns and determinants of grain production and demand, as well as grain self-sufficiency, in China over a 30-year period. The results show that China’s total grain production, with an obvious northeast–southwest direction, increased by 63%, and yields of rice, wheat, corn, tubers, and beans increased by 16, 49, 224, 6, and 103%, respectively. The trends in ration and feed grain consumption changes at the provincial scale were roughly the same as at the national scale, with the ration consumption ratio decreasing and the ratio of feed grain consumption increasing. The ration consumption in Northwest China was relatively high, while the feed grain consumption rates in Shanghai, Guangdong, Beijing, Tianjin, and Chongqing were higher. Compared with ration and feed grain, the proportions of seed grain and grain loss were relatively small. China’s grain consumption mainly concentrated in the central and eastern regions of China. Total grain, rice, corn, wheat, tubers, and beans consumption in feed grain showed a northeast–southwest trend, with consumption centers all shifting southward in the 30-year period. Corn accounted for the largest proportion in feed grain, followed by beans. Urban feed grain and urban ration hot spot areas have gradually transferred from the northwest to southeast coastal areas. The hot spots of rural feed grain consumption and rural ration consumption remained almost unchanged, located in the south of the Yangtze River and Central and Southern China, respectively. The grain self-sufficiency level developed well in the study period, while the areas with grain deficit were Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, and Hainan. The areas with high supply and high demand were mainly located in Central and East China, the areas with high supply and low demand were mainly distributed in Northeast China, and the areas with low supply and low demand were mainly located in Western China. The pattern of self-sufficiency of corn in feed grain has remained basically unchanged; the areas with corn feed grain deficit were Central and Southeast China, while North China had corn feed grain surplus. Compared with corn feed, the surplus of soybean feed was relatively poor. Factor detector analysis revealed that in different periods, the same impact factor had different explanatory power in the supply and demand pattern, and the comprehensive consideration of any two factors will enhance the explanatory power of grain supply and demand pattern.
Yingnan Niu; Gaodi Xie; Yu Xiao; Jingya Liu; Yangyang Wang; Qi Luo; Huixia Zou; Shuang Gan; Keyu Qin; Mengdong Huang. Spatiotemporal Patterns and Determinants of Grain Self-Sufficiency in China. Foods 2021, 10, 747 .
AMA StyleYingnan Niu, Gaodi Xie, Yu Xiao, Jingya Liu, Yangyang Wang, Qi Luo, Huixia Zou, Shuang Gan, Keyu Qin, Mengdong Huang. Spatiotemporal Patterns and Determinants of Grain Self-Sufficiency in China. Foods. 2021; 10 (4):747.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYingnan Niu; Gaodi Xie; Yu Xiao; Jingya Liu; Yangyang Wang; Qi Luo; Huixia Zou; Shuang Gan; Keyu Qin; Mengdong Huang. 2021. "Spatiotemporal Patterns and Determinants of Grain Self-Sufficiency in China." Foods 10, no. 4: 747.
The insufficient information on water conservation dynamics and potential in ecological engineering areas often restrict the selection and implementation of ecological restoration measures in arid and semiarid climates. Based on the regional water balance equation and GIS spatial analysis tools, this article assessed the spatial-temporal changes in water conservation in Xilin Gol League, a representative region of the Beijing–Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project Area. The results indicated that the yearly amount of water conservation in Xilin Gol League reached 1.27 billion cubic meters, and annual precipitation of approximately 6.36 mm was retained per hectare. The water conservation capacity in Xilin Gol League showed a notably increasing tendency during the period of 2000–2015 and increased from west to east. The northeast of East Ujimqin Banner had the highest capacity, contributing 16.19% of the total water conservation amount. Compared to 2000, approximately 65.86% of Xilin Gol League presented water conservation capacity increases in 2015, 15.25% of which were significant. The water conservation in Xilin Gol League correlated with the changes in precipitation, temperature, and vegetation coverage, and unfavorable changes in these factors led to a significant decline in regional water conservation capacity. Therefore, multiple ecological restoration strategies are proposed for the improvement of water conservation capacity in the low-efficiency areas.
Shuo Wang; Biao Zhang; Shuang Wang; Gao-Di Xie. Dynamic changes in water conservation in the Beijing–Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project Area: A case study of Xilin Gol League in China. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 293, 126054 .
AMA StyleShuo Wang, Biao Zhang, Shuang Wang, Gao-Di Xie. Dynamic changes in water conservation in the Beijing–Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project Area: A case study of Xilin Gol League in China. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 293 ():126054.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShuo Wang; Biao Zhang; Shuang Wang; Gao-Di Xie. 2021. "Dynamic changes in water conservation in the Beijing–Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project Area: A case study of Xilin Gol League in China." Journal of Cleaner Production 293, no. : 126054.
The ecological footprint (EF) is an important tool for regional ecological security assessments. Based on the renewable EF components that meet the basic biomass needs of mankind, we evaluated the ecological security status of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (Great Bay Area) in 2000 and 2015 from two aspects: ecological health and ecological risk. The results were as follows. (1) The renewable biocapacity and the renewable EF have increased. The difference in the renewable EF structure between the urban and rural areas has nearly disappeared. Ecological consumption was concentrated in cities with a high flow of people, materials, and tourism. (2) The renewable biocapacity per hectare was high and increasing. The effective carrying rate varied greatly from city to city and was generally declining. The level of health in the Greater Bay Area has changed from healthy to unhealthy. (3) The renewable ecological deficit and the renewable ecological pressure have increased, and the ecological risks are further expanding. The increase in the number of cities above the high-risk level means more hotspot targets for ecological risk management. (4) The ecological security status of the Greater Bay Area has changed from relatively unsafe and weakly unsustainable to unsafe and strongly unsustainable. There is a need to protect natural assets, reduce ecological consumption, and improve the ecological security and sustainability of the study area.
Mingli Bi; Gaodi Xie; Cuiyou Yao. Ecological security assessment based on the renewable ecological footprint in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China. Ecological Indicators 2020, 116, 106432 .
AMA StyleMingli Bi, Gaodi Xie, Cuiyou Yao. Ecological security assessment based on the renewable ecological footprint in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China. Ecological Indicators. 2020; 116 ():106432.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMingli Bi; Gaodi Xie; Cuiyou Yao. 2020. "Ecological security assessment based on the renewable ecological footprint in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China." Ecological Indicators 116, no. : 106432.
Water resources are one of the most important natural resources in ecosystems, and they have characteristics of natural and artificial flows. Natural flow causes water resources to flow from upstream to downstream between different regions in accordance with the terrain, whereas artificial flow leads to changes in seasonal and regional allocations of water resources. The water safety status of different regions differs under natural water flow, while water-deficient areas can restore the regional water safety situation by artificially allocating water resources. This study (1) uses Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) software to simulate water provisions and calculates water consumption through industrial, agricultural and domestic water use; (2) combines the digital elevation model (DEM) of Shandong and Henan Provinces and uses computer programming to introduce natural flow into water resource assessment; (3) according to the flow relationship between cities, assesses water resource security in real conditions; and (4) based on the water security index (WSI), simulates the water resources of interbasin water transfer. The results show that the water safety situation of cities in Shandong and Henan Provinces is very poor. Only 1 city is safe with regard to water resources out of 34 cities in the 2 provinces, while the other 33 cities are unsafe. The eastern coastal area of Shandong Province has the largest demand for water resources, of which Yantai City, with the worst water security situation and the water resources allocation, has a demand of 8.53 × 108 m3. The results for Xinyang, which has the best water security situation, indicate that water resources should not be allocated artificially. The characteristics of water resource flow determine the necessity of considering the flow in regional water resource security assessment. A flow-based interbasin water transfer allocation scheme can provide a reference for relevant research.
Jingya Liu; Keyu Qin; Lin Zhen; Yu Xiao; Gaodi Xie. How to allocate interbasin water resources? A method based on water flow in water-deficient areas. Environmental Development 2019, 34, 100460 .
AMA StyleJingya Liu, Keyu Qin, Lin Zhen, Yu Xiao, Gaodi Xie. How to allocate interbasin water resources? A method based on water flow in water-deficient areas. Environmental Development. 2019; 34 ():100460.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJingya Liu; Keyu Qin; Lin Zhen; Yu Xiao; Gaodi Xie. 2019. "How to allocate interbasin water resources? A method based on water flow in water-deficient areas." Environmental Development 34, no. : 100460.
Vegetation cover and related ecosystem services are key indicators for ecological restoration efforts. We simulated the dynamic changes of vegetation coverage and sand-fixing service in the Beijing–Tianjin sandstorm source control project area (BTSSCPA) in the period of 2000–2015 on the basis of long-term satellite data and the revised wind erosion equation. The response levels of sand-fixing service to vegetation coverage change were also analyzed. Results showed that the vegetation coverage in the BTSSCPA increased with fluctuation at an average rate of 0.34%/year, and the sand-fixing service was correspondingly enhanced with the average annual rate of 0.71%. Furthermore, the responsive levels of sand-fixing service to vegetation coverage change increased from 70% to 91%. We conclude that the vegetation restoration measures on sand-fixing gradually prevail and progress in the BTSSCPA. However, approximately 13% of the BTSSCPA still has poor responsivity and needs additional restoration measures for implementation. This research will contribute to quantify the effectiveness of vegetation restoration on ecosystem service enhancement, and identify the key implementation areas for further ecological restoration measures.
Shuang Wang; Biao Zhang; Gao-Di Xie; Xiu Zhai; Hai-Lian Sun. Vegetation cover changes and sand-fixing service responses in the Beijing–Tianjin sandstorm source control project area. Environmental Development 2019, 34, 100455 .
AMA StyleShuang Wang, Biao Zhang, Gao-Di Xie, Xiu Zhai, Hai-Lian Sun. Vegetation cover changes and sand-fixing service responses in the Beijing–Tianjin sandstorm source control project area. Environmental Development. 2019; 34 ():100455.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShuang Wang; Biao Zhang; Gao-Di Xie; Xiu Zhai; Hai-Lian Sun. 2019. "Vegetation cover changes and sand-fixing service responses in the Beijing–Tianjin sandstorm source control project area." Environmental Development 34, no. : 100455.
Urban green space has been considered as an ecological measure to mitigate urban heat islands (UHI). However, few studies investigate the cooling effect of the adjacent area of the urban park; as the transition region from a green space to a hardened surface where more complex heat exchange occurs, it deserves to be paid more attention. This paper examines the relationship between the urban greening patterns and the cooling effect in the surrounding areas of the Olympic Forest Park in Beijing. Results showed that the forestland and waterbodies could cool 6.51% and 12.82% of the impervious surface temperatures, respectively. For every 10% increase in the green space ratio, the land surface temperature drops by 0.4°C, and per kilometer increase in the distance from the forest park, the land surface temperature increases by 0.15 °C. The aggregation index (AI) and largest patch index (LPI) of the green space patterns presented a strong negative correlation with surface temperature. This study confirms the cooling effects in the adjacent area of the urban park and highlights their dependence on urban greening patterns. Therefore, we should not only develop more green spaces but also scientifically plan their spatial configuration in the limited urban land for the improvement of the cooling effect.
Majid Amani-Beni; Biao Zhang; Gao-Di Xie; Yunting Shi. Impacts of Urban Green Landscape Patterns on Land Surface Temperature: Evidence from the Adjacent Area of Olympic Forest Park of Beijing, China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 513 .
AMA StyleMajid Amani-Beni, Biao Zhang, Gao-Di Xie, Yunting Shi. Impacts of Urban Green Landscape Patterns on Land Surface Temperature: Evidence from the Adjacent Area of Olympic Forest Park of Beijing, China. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (2):513.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMajid Amani-Beni; Biao Zhang; Gao-Di Xie; Yunting Shi. 2019. "Impacts of Urban Green Landscape Patterns on Land Surface Temperature: Evidence from the Adjacent Area of Olympic Forest Park of Beijing, China." Sustainability 11, no. 2: 513.
The authors were not aware of errors made in the proofreading phase, and, hence, wish to make the following corrections to this paper
Jie Xu; Gaodi Xie; Yu Xiao; Na Li; Fuqin Yu; Sha Pei; Yuan Jiang. Correction: Xu J., et al. Dynamic Analysis of Ecological Environment Quality Combined with Water Conservation Changes in National Key Ecological Function Areas in China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1202. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3987 .
AMA StyleJie Xu, Gaodi Xie, Yu Xiao, Na Li, Fuqin Yu, Sha Pei, Yuan Jiang. Correction: Xu J., et al. Dynamic Analysis of Ecological Environment Quality Combined with Water Conservation Changes in National Key Ecological Function Areas in China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1202. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (11):3987.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJie Xu; Gaodi Xie; Yu Xiao; Na Li; Fuqin Yu; Sha Pei; Yuan Jiang. 2018. "Correction: Xu J., et al. Dynamic Analysis of Ecological Environment Quality Combined with Water Conservation Changes in National Key Ecological Function Areas in China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1202." Sustainability 10, no. 11: 3987.
Assessing ecosystem services (ESs) is essential for sustainable development. Ecosystem service flow (ESF) emphasizes the recognition of real ESs beneficiary areas from the perspective of human welfare and establishes a spatiotemporal path between service supply areas (SSAs) and service beneficiary areas (SBAs) to better reflect the relationship between ESs and human welfare, which is conducive to recognize how to guarantee the sustainable supply of ESs. This study simulated the spatiotemporal patterns and flow trajectories of the wind prevention and sand fixation (WPSF) service in Yanchi County based on the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) and the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model, respectively, and constructed an analysis framework for the sustainability of WPSF service from the perspective of ESF. The results indicated that the amount of wind erosion prevented in Yanchi County was 3.71 × 109 kg in 2010 and 0.08 × 109 kg in 2015, with average retention rates of 83.40% and 78.11% and WPSF service values of 479.46 million CNY (Chinese currency; as of 18 July 2018, 6.702 RMB = US $1) and 10.22 million CNY, respectively. The flow trajectories of the WPSF service mostly extended to East Asia, and the densities decreased as the transmission distance increased. The estimated areas of the SBAs of WPSF service in Yanchi County were 1153.2 × 104 km2 in 2010 and 397.2 × 104 km2 in 2015. The grid cells through which many (≥10%) of the trajectories passed were mainly situated in the central part of northern China. The spatiotemporal distribution patterns and flow rates of the physical and value flows of the WPSF service were the same. The SBAs within China accounted for 71.11% in 2010 and 91.32% in 2015, and both maximums occurred in Shaanxi Province. In this research, we identified the actual beneficiaries according to the spatiotemporal distribution of physical and value flows. There were mismatches between the value flow and eco-compensation flow, which was unsustainable. This work can serve as an effective and valid reference for the ecological compensation standard and the formulation of ecological protection measures, which is conducive to regional sustainable development and human welfare.
Jie Xu; Yu Xiao; Gaodi Xie; Yangyang Wang; Yuan Jiang. How to Guarantee the Sustainability of the Wind Prevention and Sand Fixation Service: An Ecosystem Service Flow Perspective. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2995 .
AMA StyleJie Xu, Yu Xiao, Gaodi Xie, Yangyang Wang, Yuan Jiang. How to Guarantee the Sustainability of the Wind Prevention and Sand Fixation Service: An Ecosystem Service Flow Perspective. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (9):2995.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJie Xu; Yu Xiao; Gaodi Xie; Yangyang Wang; Yuan Jiang. 2018. "How to Guarantee the Sustainability of the Wind Prevention and Sand Fixation Service: An Ecosystem Service Flow Perspective." Sustainability 10, no. 9: 2995.
Ecosystem services are closely linked to human welfare. The flow of ecosystem service can establish spatio-temporal relationships between ecosystem service provision areas (SPAs) and service beneficiary areas (SBAs). In this study, the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model was used to simulate the spatial flow path of the wind erosion prevention (WEP) service in Yanchi County. The frequency at which the simulated trajectories passed through each grid cell was used as a proxy for spatio-temporal disparities in SBAs, and the distribution of benefitting land cover, population, and gross domestic product (GDP) reflected the effects of the WEP flow. The flow paths of the Yanchi County WEP in 2010 mainly extended to eastern and central China, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Mongolia, and eastern Russia, and were more intensive and longer in spring and winter than in autumn and winter. The SBAs covered an area of 1153.2 × 104 km2 in 2010, with dominant service beneficiary areas (DSBAs) comprising 185.1 × 104 km2 and accounting for 16.1% of the total beneficiary area of the year. The areas through which the flow paths passed with a high frequency (≥10%) were mainly located in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, western Shandong, Hebei, Beijing, and northern Hubei, and the spatial scale of these areas varied, demonstrating obvious seasonal changes, and was the largest in spring. The benefitting land cover was mainly cropland across all of the SBAs, with one billion benefitting people (accounting for 77.11% of the total population of China) associated with a gross domestic product (GDP) of 26.8 trillion RMB (Chinese currency; as of 2018-06-22, 6.497 RMB = US $1, accounting for 87.90% of the total GDP of China). Furthermore, the population and socio-economic development in the DSBAs (21 million people and 0.53 trillion RMB GDP) were no longer affected by wind erosion from Yanchi County. This study revealed the spatio-temporal disparities of the SBAs of WEP in Yanchi County from an ecosystem services flow perspective and provides a scientific and effective basis for policymakers to perform standard ecological compensation accounting and to formulate ecological protection policies.
Jie Xu; Yu Xiao; Gaodi Xie; Lin Zhen; Yangyang Wang; Yuan Jiang. The Spatio-Temporal Disparities of Areas Benefitting from the Wind Erosion Prevention Service. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 1510 .
AMA StyleJie Xu, Yu Xiao, Gaodi Xie, Lin Zhen, Yangyang Wang, Yuan Jiang. The Spatio-Temporal Disparities of Areas Benefitting from the Wind Erosion Prevention Service. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (7):1510.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJie Xu; Yu Xiao; Gaodi Xie; Lin Zhen; Yangyang Wang; Yuan Jiang. 2018. "The Spatio-Temporal Disparities of Areas Benefitting from the Wind Erosion Prevention Service." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7: 1510.
The shortage of water resources is a key factor limiting the sustainability of the economy and society. Most of the 25 National Key Ecological Function Areas (NKEFAs) in China serve as a source and supplementation for numerous rivers and playing an important role in water resource conservation. Based on the analysis of eco-environmental quality changes in NKEFAs, this study analyzed the spatial pattern of water conservation services in 2000 and 2010 by using a water balance equation. The results indicate that the land cover type of NKEFAs was dominated by grassland, and the proportion of ecological land conversion to non-ecological land (0.3%) was higher than that of non-ecological land conversion to ecological land (0.21%). The fractional vegetation coverage (FVC) and biomass density of NKEFAs gradually decreased from southeast to northwest. The FVC of the Changbai Mountain Forest Function Area (CBS) was the highest, while the biomass density and total biomass were highest in mountain areas in the Middle of Hai’nan Island (HND) and in the Great Khingan and Lesser Khingan Mountains (XAL) respectively. The FVC and biomass of NKEFAs mostly increased in 2000–2010. Water conservation amounts of NKEFAs decreased from southeast to northwest. The average water conservation and total water conservation amount of Nanling Mountain (NL), Guangxi-Guizhou-Yunnan (GQD), and the Wuling Mountain Function Area (WLS) were the highest, while the Yinshan Mountain (YS), Alkin Grassland (AEJ), and the Qilian Mountain Function Area (QLS) had the lowest values. In 2000–2010, the water conservation service of 60% of NKEFAs decreased. Spatial and temporal differences in water conservation services are the result of a combination of ecological environment quality and meteorological conditions. Protection of the ecological environment and vegetation coverage improvement should be strengthened to enhance the function of water conservation.
Jie Xu; Gaodi Xie; Yu Xiao; Na Li; Fuqin Yu; Sha Pei; Yuan Jiang. Dynamic Analysis of Ecological Environment Quality Combined with Water Conservation Changes in National Key Ecological Function Areas in China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1202 .
AMA StyleJie Xu, Gaodi Xie, Yu Xiao, Na Li, Fuqin Yu, Sha Pei, Yuan Jiang. Dynamic Analysis of Ecological Environment Quality Combined with Water Conservation Changes in National Key Ecological Function Areas in China. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (4):1202.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJie Xu; Gaodi Xie; Yu Xiao; Na Li; Fuqin Yu; Sha Pei; Yuan Jiang. 2018. "Dynamic Analysis of Ecological Environment Quality Combined with Water Conservation Changes in National Key Ecological Function Areas in China." Sustainability 10, no. 4: 1202.
Research on the spatial flow of ecosystem services can help to identify the spatial relationships between service-providing areas (SPAs) and service-benefitting areas (SBAs). In this study, we used the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model to stimulate the flow paths of the wind erosion prevented by ecosystems in Hunshandake, China. By interpolating these paths, the SBAs were identified, and their benefits in terms of land cover, population, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) were determined. The results indicated that the flow paths mostly extended to the eastern part of the study area, and the estimated cover of the SBAs was 39.21% of the total area of China. The grid cells through which many (≥10%) of the trajectories passed were mainly located in the western part of north-eastern China and the eastern part of northern China. The benefitting population accounted for 74.51% of the total population of China, and the GDP was 67.11% of the total in 2010. Based on this research, we described a quantitative relationship between the SPAs and the SBAs and identified the actual beneficiaries. This work may provide scientific knowledge that can be used by decision makers to develop management strategies, such as ecological compensation to mitigate damage from sandstorms in the study area.
Yu Xiao; Gaodi Xie; Lin Zhen; Chunxia Lu; Jie Xu. Identifying the Areas Benefitting from the Prevention of Wind Erosion by the Key Ecological Function Area for the Protection of Desertification in Hunshandake, China. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1820 .
AMA StyleYu Xiao, Gaodi Xie, Lin Zhen, Chunxia Lu, Jie Xu. Identifying the Areas Benefitting from the Prevention of Wind Erosion by the Key Ecological Function Area for the Protection of Desertification in Hunshandake, China. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (10):1820.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu Xiao; Gaodi Xie; Lin Zhen; Chunxia Lu; Jie Xu. 2017. "Identifying the Areas Benefitting from the Prevention of Wind Erosion by the Key Ecological Function Area for the Protection of Desertification in Hunshandake, China." Sustainability 9, no. 10: 1820.
China is facing severe acid deposition. Acid deposition can cause economic loss, corrosion, and damage to materials, and the reduction of material life span. In this study, the administrative areas (including municipalities, prefecture-level cities, regions, autonomous prefectures, and leagues—hereinafter referred to the cities) at and above the prefecture level were selected as research areas. Monitoring results of acid precipitation and ambient air sulfur dioxide (SO2) from the China National Environmental Monitoring Network were used, research findings available domestically and abroad were summarized, and a set of material exposure inventory per capita was established, based on urban and rural areas in Eastern, Central, and Western China regions. Losses of construction materials caused by acid deposition in the cities were assessed by using the said materials’ acid rain exposure response functions available. The results showed that, material loss caused by acid deposition in China was 32.165 billion yuan (RMB, similarly hereinafter) in 2013, accounting for 0.057% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and 3.4% of the total investment for environmental pollution governance this year.
Yinjun Zhang; Qian Li; Fengying Zhang; Gaodi Xie. Estimates of Economic Loss of Materials Caused by Acid Deposition in China. Sustainability 2017, 9, 488 .
AMA StyleYinjun Zhang, Qian Li, Fengying Zhang, Gaodi Xie. Estimates of Economic Loss of Materials Caused by Acid Deposition in China. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (4):488.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYinjun Zhang; Qian Li; Fengying Zhang; Gaodi Xie. 2017. "Estimates of Economic Loss of Materials Caused by Acid Deposition in China." Sustainability 9, no. 4: 488.
We investigated community structure and tree species diversity of six subtropical mountain forests in relation to 11 topographical and edaphic factors in Lower Lancang River Basin, Yunnan Province, China, based on a census of all trees with diameter at breast height ≥5 cm in 45 0.06-ha plots. The forests were as follows: a river valley monsoon forest, semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest, monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, mid-mountain humid evergreen broad-leaved forest, summit mossy dwarf forest, and warm needle-leaved forest. Owing to the variation in microenvironment, forest structure (tree density, mean height, mean diameter at breast height, mean basal area at breast height) and tree diversity indices (the number of species, Margalef richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity, Simpson’s index, and Pielou’s evenness) differed significantly among forest types but did not differ among sites. We recorded a total of 5155 canopy trees belonging to 204 tree species, 104 genera, and 50 families at three sites, and the co-occurrence of tree species between adjacent communities was higher. A clear forest community distribution along an altitudinal gradient suggested that elevation was important in tree species distribution. Ordination identified elevation, slope degree, slope position, soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, and available nitrogen as significant explanatory variables of tree species distribution and showed that elevation was more important than the rest of the environmental variables in affecting local woody plant distribution. Understanding relationships between tree species distribution and environmental factors in subtropical mountain forests of the Lower Lancang River Basin would enable us to apply these findings to forest management and vegetation restoration.
Changshun Zhang; Xiaoying Li; Long Chen; Gaodi Xie; Chunlan Liu; Sha Pei. Effects of Topographical and Edaphic Factors on Tree Community Structure and Diversity of Subtropical Mountain Forests in the Lower Lancang River Basin. Forests 2016, 7, 222 .
AMA StyleChangshun Zhang, Xiaoying Li, Long Chen, Gaodi Xie, Chunlan Liu, Sha Pei. Effects of Topographical and Edaphic Factors on Tree Community Structure and Diversity of Subtropical Mountain Forests in the Lower Lancang River Basin. Forests. 2016; 7 (12):222.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChangshun Zhang; Xiaoying Li; Long Chen; Gaodi Xie; Chunlan Liu; Sha Pei. 2016. "Effects of Topographical and Edaphic Factors on Tree Community Structure and Diversity of Subtropical Mountain Forests in the Lower Lancang River Basin." Forests 7, no. 12: 222.
Vegetation plays a very important role of carbon (C) sinks in the global C cycle. With its complex terrain and diverse vegetation types, the Lancang River Basin (LRB) of southwest China has huge C storage capacity. Therefore, understanding the spatial variations and controlling mechanisms of vegetation C storage is important to understand the regional C cycle. In this study, data from a forest inventory and field plots were used to estimate and map vegetation C storage distribution in the LRB, to qualify the quantitative relationships between vegetation C density and altitude at sublot and township scale, and a linear model or polynomial model was used to identify the relationship between C density and altitude at two spatial scales and two statistical scales. The results showed that a total of 300.32 Tg C was stored in the LRB, an important C sink in China. The majority of C storage was contributed by forests, notably oaks. The vegetation C storage exhibited nonlinear variation with latitudinal gradients. Altitude had tremendous influences on spatial patterns of vegetation C storage of three geomorphological types in the LRB. C storage decreased with increasing altitude at both town and sublot scales in the flat river valley (FRV) region and the mid-low mountains gorge (MMG) region, and first increased then decreased in the alpine gorge (AG) region. This revealed that, in southwest China, altitude changes the latitudinal patterns of vegetation C storage; especially in the AG area, C density in the mid-altitude (3100 m) area was higher than that of adjacent areas.
Long Chen; Changshun Zhang; Gaodi Xie; Chunlan Liu; Haihua Wang; Zheng Li; Sha Pei; Qing Qiao. Vegetation Carbon Storage, Spatial Patterns and Response to Altitude in Lancang River Basin, Southwest China. Sustainability 2016, 8, 110 .
AMA StyleLong Chen, Changshun Zhang, Gaodi Xie, Chunlan Liu, Haihua Wang, Zheng Li, Sha Pei, Qing Qiao. Vegetation Carbon Storage, Spatial Patterns and Response to Altitude in Lancang River Basin, Southwest China. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (2):110.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLong Chen; Changshun Zhang; Gaodi Xie; Chunlan Liu; Haihua Wang; Zheng Li; Sha Pei; Qing Qiao. 2016. "Vegetation Carbon Storage, Spatial Patterns and Response to Altitude in Lancang River Basin, Southwest China." Sustainability 8, no. 2: 110.
In this study, we compared and analyzed the dynamic changes of water conservation and its value of some typical forests, grasslands, and farmlands in China within a year based on the dataset of the Chinese Ecosystem Research Net (CERN). Results showed that forest, grassland, and farmland provide different kinds of water conservation services which vary in size and dynamic processes within a year. Water conservation of forest consisted of water regulation service, here referred to as water retaining service, and water supply service, while water conservation of grassland and farmland was mainly water regulation service. Different types of forests/grasslands/farmlands can serve different water conservation services in both size and change patterns. In general, the water conservation service and value of forests is the largest (Xishuangbanna forest being $712·hm−2·year−1, Dingshu Mountains forest being $823·hm−2·year−1, and Changbai Mountains forest being $366·hm−2·year−1), and then is the farmlands (Yucheng farmland being $147·hm−2·year−1, Changshu farmland being $92·hm−2·year−1, Qianyanzhou farmland being $247 hm−2·year−1), and that of the grasslands is the least (Haibei alpine meadow being $75·hm−2·year−1, Mongolia grassland being $30·hm−2·year−1). The monthly water conservation and its value of each ecosystem had its own changing pattern throughout the year.
Sha Pei; Gaodi Xie; Chunlan Liu; Changshun Zhang; Shimei Li; Long Chen. Dynamic Changes of Water Conservation Service of Typical Ecosystems in China within a Year Based on Data from CERN. Sustainability 2015, 7, 16513 -16531.
AMA StyleSha Pei, Gaodi Xie, Chunlan Liu, Changshun Zhang, Shimei Li, Long Chen. Dynamic Changes of Water Conservation Service of Typical Ecosystems in China within a Year Based on Data from CERN. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (12):16513-16531.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSha Pei; Gaodi Xie; Chunlan Liu; Changshun Zhang; Shimei Li; Long Chen. 2015. "Dynamic Changes of Water Conservation Service of Typical Ecosystems in China within a Year Based on Data from CERN." Sustainability 7, no. 12: 16513-16531.
As one of the most important renewable and sustainable energy sources, the forest biomass energy resource has always been the focus of attention of scholars and policy makers. However, its potential is still uncertain in China, especially with respect to its spatial distribution. In this paper, the quantity and distribution of Chinese forest biomass energy resources are explored based mainly on forestry statistics data rather than forest resource inventory data used by most previous studies. The results show that the forest biomass energy resource in China was 169 million tons in 2010, of which wood felling and bucking residue (WFBR),wood processing residue (WPR), bamboo processing residue, fuel wood and firewood used by farmers accounted for 38%, 37%, 6%, 4% and 15%, respectively. The highest resource was located in East China, accounting for nearly 39.0% of the national amount, followed by the Southwest and South China regions, which accounted for 17.4% and 16.3%, respectively. At the provincial scale, Shandong has the highest distribution, accounting for 11.9% of total resources, followed by Guangxi and Fujian accounting for 10.3% and 10.2%, respectively. The actual wood-processing residue (AWPR) estimated from the actual production of different wood products (considering the wood transferred between regions) showed apparent differences from the local wood processing residue (LWPR), which assumes that no wood has been transferredbetween regions. Due to the large contribution of WPR to total forestry bioenergy resources, the estimation of AWPR will provide a more accurate evaluation of the total amount and the spatial distribution of forest biomass energy resources in China.
Caixia Zhang; Leiming Zhang; Gaodi Xie. Forest Biomass Energy Resources in China: Quantity and Distribution. Forests 2015, 6, 3970 -3984.
AMA StyleCaixia Zhang, Leiming Zhang, Gaodi Xie. Forest Biomass Energy Resources in China: Quantity and Distribution. Forests. 2015; 6 (12):3970-3984.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaixia Zhang; Leiming Zhang; Gaodi Xie. 2015. "Forest Biomass Energy Resources in China: Quantity and Distribution." Forests 6, no. 12: 3970-3984.
After a long era of fishing-and-hunting civilization, human came into agricultural civilization era about ten thousand years ago, while Industrial Revolution makes industry replace agriculture as the center industry 200 years ago, and at the same time the technical transformation of agriculture made it grow into modern agriculture. Though modern industry and agriculture have greatly promoted the development of social productivity, they caused unprecedented environmental problems. Therefore, looking for a kind of industry pattern that realize harmonious development of human and earth, can not only promote the economical development, but conserve resource and environment become the urgent affairs, ecological industry emerged consequently. Ecological industry is a kind of network-based, evolutionary and complex industry organized according to the principles of ecological economics that based on ecosystem carrying capacity, has a complete lifecycle, efficient metabolic process and harmonious ecological function. Compared with traditional industry, it makes material and energy be used repeatedly and output efficiently, can realize the systematic exploitation and sustainable utilization of resource and environment through the systematic coupling of two or more production systems or links. The essence of ecological industry is the application of ecological engineering to various industry, thereby ecological agriculture, ecological industry and ecological tertiary industry are formed and constitute a ecological industrial system. Both human society and nature can benefit from ecological engineering, it focuses on the ecosystem, especially the engineering technology that can enhance the sustainable development ability of social-economic-natural compound ecosystem. It promote the harmonious coexistence between human and nature, coordinated development of economy and environment, it make the simplex pursuit of economic growth or natural protection move toward compound ecosystem prosperity of affluence, health and civilization. The birth and development of ecological industry will make the mankind step into a new social form, thus a new ecological civilization will be formed.
Wenliang Wu; Yifeng Zhang; Songlin Mu; Linsheng Zhong; Guofan Zhang; Huayong Que; Jianguang Fang; Xiwu Yan; Zhihua Lin; Yongyun Zheng; Yunhe Li; Kongming Wu; Yufa Peng; Gaodi Xie. Industrial Ecology. Contemporary Ecology Research in China 2015, 535 -554.
AMA StyleWenliang Wu, Yifeng Zhang, Songlin Mu, Linsheng Zhong, Guofan Zhang, Huayong Que, Jianguang Fang, Xiwu Yan, Zhihua Lin, Yongyun Zheng, Yunhe Li, Kongming Wu, Yufa Peng, Gaodi Xie. Industrial Ecology. Contemporary Ecology Research in China. 2015; ():535-554.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWenliang Wu; Yifeng Zhang; Songlin Mu; Linsheng Zhong; Guofan Zhang; Huayong Que; Jianguang Fang; Xiwu Yan; Zhihua Lin; Yongyun Zheng; Yunhe Li; Kongming Wu; Yufa Peng; Gaodi Xie. 2015. "Industrial Ecology." Contemporary Ecology Research in China , no. : 535-554.
In this study, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data and the multiple linear regression model were used to estimate distribution of biomass resources in 2010. The establishment of models, developed using different vegetation biomass sample data, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), meteorological data, coordinates, terrain data, and statistical data. Results based on a cross-validation approach show that the model can explain 95.6% of the variance in biomass, with a relative estimation error of 67 g·m−2 for a range of biomass between 0–73,875 g·m−2. Spatial statistic results were consistent with the practical condition in most cases. The above- and below-ground biomass (ABGB) of China was estimated to be 31.1 Pg (1 Pg = 1015 g) in 2010. The forest ecosystem has the largest total biomass, which represents about 70% of the whole terrestrial ecosystem. The desert ecosystem has minimum biomass value. The Belowground Endowment (BRE) varied differently in spatial distribution, with the high values occurring in the southeast and northeast. The low values were primarily distributed in north and northwest regions, where it is mostly desert and few plants. Biomass per capita indicates the availability of natural resources per capita. Tibet had the maximum biomass per capita (807 tone in 2010). Shanghai and Tianjin had the minimum biomass per capita, less than 500 kg. Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Beijing, and Hainan had negative growth of biomass per capita.
Na Li; Gaodi Xie; Changshun Zhang; Yu Xiao; Biao Zhang; Wenhui Chen; Yanzhi Sun; Shuo Wang. Biomass Resources Distribution in the Terrestrial Ecosystem of China. Sustainability 2015, 7, 8548 -8564.
AMA StyleNa Li, Gaodi Xie, Changshun Zhang, Yu Xiao, Biao Zhang, Wenhui Chen, Yanzhi Sun, Shuo Wang. Biomass Resources Distribution in the Terrestrial Ecosystem of China. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (7):8548-8564.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNa Li; Gaodi Xie; Changshun Zhang; Yu Xiao; Biao Zhang; Wenhui Chen; Yanzhi Sun; Shuo Wang. 2015. "Biomass Resources Distribution in the Terrestrial Ecosystem of China." Sustainability 7, no. 7: 8548-8564.
A biologically productive area was used in the ecological footprint method to measure the demand and impact of human activities on the natural capital, and further, to judge whether the impact is within the scope of the regional bio-capacity. In this presentation, an indicator “ecological footprint distance (Def)” is proposed. The results indicated that the proposed indicator Def could identify the outward extension of a city’s ecological footprint with the city’s rapid expansion. From 2008 to 2012, the proportion of imported bio-capacity increased approximately from 48% to 64%, which implied that the ecological impact of Beijing had expanded year by year. The Def of Beijing increased from 567 km in 2008 to 677 km in 2012, with an average annual increase of about 25 km. From the perspective of seasonal change, Beijing’s ecological footprint distance in winter and spring was much higher than in summer and fall. The main features of provincial-spatial distribution of Beijing’s Def were as follows: grain and oil and meat and eggs were mainly supplied by Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei and Inner Mongolia; yet vegetable and fruit were mainly supplied by Hainan, Guangdong, Hebei and Shandong. Measures should be taken to decentralize the sources of imported bio-capacity, so as to ensure a sustainable development in Metropolitan cities.
Gaodi Xie; Wenhui Chen; Shuyan Cao; Chunxia Lu; Yu Xiao; Changshun Zhang; Na Li; Shuo Wang. The Outward Extension of an Ecological Footprint in City Expansion: The Case of Beijing. Sustainability 2014, 6, 9371 -9386.
AMA StyleGaodi Xie, Wenhui Chen, Shuyan Cao, Chunxia Lu, Yu Xiao, Changshun Zhang, Na Li, Shuo Wang. The Outward Extension of an Ecological Footprint in City Expansion: The Case of Beijing. Sustainability. 2014; 6 (12):9371-9386.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGaodi Xie; Wenhui Chen; Shuyan Cao; Chunxia Lu; Yu Xiao; Changshun Zhang; Na Li; Shuo Wang. 2014. "The Outward Extension of an Ecological Footprint in City Expansion: The Case of Beijing." Sustainability 6, no. 12: 9371-9386.