Global trade and globalization have driven growth and diversification in the horticultural industry. Fresh grapes, a key product, face challenges of market volatility, trade barriers, and logistics. Market diversification is essential for stability and competitiveness in international trade. This research focused on analyzing market diversification in Peru’s fresh grape exports during the 2013–2022 period, exploring its implications for international trade. A quantitative methodology was used, along with the analysis of publicly recorded data on the website of the National Superintendence of Customs and Tax Administration, specifically exports from companies shipping under the national subheading for Grapes (0806.10.00.00). Diversification was analyzed using the Herfindahl–Hirschman concentration index (HHI), and competitiveness through the Balassa index. The main findings were that between 2013 and 2022, Peruvian grape exports grew in value (CAGR of 12.02%) and volume (CAGR of 12.13%). The sector expanded with an average of 151.2 companies and 59.1 destination markets. Diversification varied: the USA (12.4%), the Netherlands (1.6%), Hong Kong (4.2%), and Mexico (63.2%). The Herfindahl–Hirschman index showed concentration in the USA (4533 in 2020, 4519 in 2022) and stability in companies (2318 in 2014, 2450 in 2022). Finally, it is recommended to strengthen the Peruvian viticultural sector by maintaining geographic diversification through policies seeking new markets, monitoring global trends, constantly analyzing market concentration, and promoting fair competition among participating companies, allowing new ones to enter this sector.

The main objective of the research was to analyze the sustainability of Peru's banana exports through the diversification of markets and companies. The methodology employed was a quantitative approach, based on the analysis of export data reported by SUNAT, which was organized and evaluated using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) to measure market and business concentration. The results showed a decrease in market HHI, from 2809 in 2014 to 1634 in 2023, indicating diversification towards more international destinations. However, in terms of businesses, a slight concentration was observed, with the HHI increasing from 459 to 551 during the same period, suggesting moderate dominance by certain companies. The conclusions emphasize that, although diversification has reduced dependence on traditional markets, there remains a need to expand into emerging markets and strengthen the participation of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is recommended to develop government policies to support these companies, improve logistical infrastructure, and promote sustainable practices that enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of Peru's banana sector.

The study aims to evaluate the commercial position, innovation, and sustainability of Peru's agricultural export sector to China during the period 2014-2023. Methodologically, a quantitative approach with a descriptive scope was applied, using data from customs declarations and the sector's total FOB value to measure the commercial position, product diversification to evaluate innovation, and exporter diversification to analyze sustainability. The results show that China is a key market with significant growth in the FOB value of Peruvian exports, especially in products such as blueberries, grapes, and avocados. Innovation is reflected in the diversification of the export basket, although the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) suggests concentration in certain products. Sustainability was assessed through the diversification of exporting companies, showing positive growth but also challenges due to agricultural expansion. It is concluded that Peru's commercial position in China has improved, highlighting the need for market and product diversification to mitigate risks and increase competitiveness. It is recommended to promote geographic diversification and agricultural innovation, while companies should invest in advanced technologies and quality certifications.

The study analyzed the position and commercial dynamism of Peru's fisheries exports between 2014 and 2023. Statistical data from official sources were used to evaluate indicators such as the number of importing countries, tariff codes, exporting companies, and the weight and FOB value of exports. The number of importing countries ranged from 83 to 105, with an average annual variation of-1.52%. Tariff codes fluctuated between 120 and 144, with an average annual growth of 0.54%. The number of exporting companies varied from 356 to 428, with an average annual variation of-1.59%. Additionally, the FOB value grew at an average annual rate of 5.76%. To assess export concentration, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) was used, measuring the concentration of companies, products, and markets. In terms of weight, the HHI ranged from 1,442 to 2,636 points, reflecting a moderately concentrated sector in most years, with peaks of high concentration in 2014, 2015, and 2019. Regarding FOB value, the HHI fluctuated between 785 and 1,669, showing greater concentration in the earlier years of the period and a trend toward moderation in recent years. It is recommended that the government and companies in the sector adopt strategies to diversify products, improve logistical infrastructure, promote sustainable practices, and develop international markets.