Global trade and globalization have driven growth and diversification in the horticultural industry. Fresh grapes, a key product, face challenges of market volatility, trade barriers, and logistics. Market diversification is essential for stability and competitiveness in international trade. This research focused on analyzing market diversification in Peru’s fresh grape exports during the 2013–2022 period, exploring its implications for international trade. A quantitative methodology was used, along with the analysis of publicly recorded data on the website of the National Superintendence of Customs and Tax Administration, specifically exports from companies shipping under the national subheading for Grapes (0806.10.00.00). Diversification was analyzed using the Herfindahl–Hirschman concentration index (HHI), and competitiveness through the Balassa index. The main findings were that between 2013 and 2022, Peruvian grape exports grew in value (CAGR of 12.02%) and volume (CAGR of 12.13%). The sector expanded with an average of 151.2 companies and 59.1 destination markets. Diversification varied: the USA (12.4%), the Netherlands (1.6%), Hong Kong (4.2%), and Mexico (63.2%). The Herfindahl–Hirschman index showed concentration in the USA (4533 in 2020, 4519 in 2022) and stability in companies (2318 in 2014, 2450 in 2022). Finally, it is recommended to strengthen the Peruvian viticultural sector by maintaining geographic diversification through policies seeking new markets, monitoring global trends, constantly analyzing market concentration, and promoting fair competition among participating companies, allowing new ones to enter this sector.

The objective of this study was to analyze the diversification and revealed comparative advantage of global strawberry exports during the period 2019-2023. A quantitative methodology was employed, consisting of the collection and processing of export data obtained from Trade Map and the UN Comtrade Data Base, utilizing the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index to measure market concentration and the Balassa Index to assess the revealed comparative advantage. The results indicated that while Mexico exhibited a high concentration, relying almost exclusively on the United States market, Spain demonstrated a moderate dispersion by alternating between destinations such as Germany, the United Kingdom, and France. In contrast, the United States displayed a balanced distribution among its main destinations, and the Netherlands, together with Belgium, manifested intermediate patterns, albeit with some volatility in their competitive indicators. It was concluded that an excessive dependency on one or a few destinations generated vulnerabilities in the face of international fluctuations, as opposed to the stability derived from adequate diversification. Consequently, it was recommended that trade authorities and strategic stakeholders implement policies aimed at gradually opening new markets, strengthening the product's image, and adopting technological innovations to mitigate risks and foster sustainable growth in the agro-export sector.

The study aimed to analyze the trade dynamics of Peru's citrus fruit exports, evaluating market concentration through the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI). The research focused on key products such as mandarins (including tangerines and satsumas), clementines, Tahiti limes, lemons (Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus limon), oranges, tangelos (hybrids of mandarin and grapefruit), grapefruits, pomelos, and wilkings, corresponding to their tariff subheadings exported between 2019 and 2023. The methodology employed was quantitative and descriptive, using official data from customs declarations. The results revealed contrasting behaviors: Tahiti limes stood out with an accumulated growth of 233% while lemons and tangelos experienced declines exceeding 50%. HHI values showed highly concentrated markets for most products, such as clementines (HHI > 7000 points), where the US market was predominant, or oranges, which exhibited significant fluctuations in export values. For wilkings and other citrus fruits, exports reached 171.53 million dollars in 2023, albeit with high HHI values (2693-4823 points), reflecting strong dependence on key markets such as the United States and Mexico. Overall, the findings confirmed that market concentration remains a structural challenge for Peru's citrus export sector.

The study aimed to analyze the competitiveness of Peruvian exports of fresh and refrigerated vegetables during the period 2019-2023, evaluating their revealed comparative advantage (RCA) using the normalized Balassa index. The selected products included asparagus, onions, peas, tomatoes, and zucchinis, with data sourced from official records. The results indicated that Peru maintained a strong and consistent comparative advantage in key markets such as the United States and Spain, particularly for asparagus and onions. Meanwhile, other products, such as tomatoes and peas, showed significant market segmentation, with Chile and the United Kingdom identified as their primary destinations, respectively. However, persistent barriers were identified for zucchinis in the United Arab Emirates and Switzerland. Overall, the concentration of exports in traditional markets and volatility in emerging markets underscored challenges related to diversification. Strengthening value chains, developing targeted trade promotion strategies, and prioritizing investments in international certifications are recommended to enhance the competitiveness of Peruvian vegetable exports.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la percepción del uso de la inteligencia artificial en estudiantes universitarios de ciencias empresariales de la región Lambayeque, Perú. La metodología empleada fue un enfoque cuantitativo con un alcance descriptivo, utilizando encuestas validadas y distribuidas a una muestra de 420 estudiantes de diversas universidades privadas. Los resultados indicaron una percepción media predominante de la IA en todos los grupos de edad, con variaciones según el nivel de estudios y género. Los estudiantes menores de 20 años mostraron una percepción alta significativa, mientras que los mayores de 23 años presentaron una evaluación más crítica. Tanto hombres como mujeres tuvieron una percepción mayoritariamente media, aunque los hombres mostraron una mayor proporción de percepción alta. Se concluye que la aceptación de la IA es cautelosa pero positiva, y se recomiendan programas de capacitación, mejoras en la infraestructura tecnológica y políticas educativas que promuevan el uso ético de la IA.

El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la influencia de la percepción del aprendizaje a través del uso de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en el rendimiento de los estudiantes universitarios en ciencias empresariales en la región de Lambayeque en 2024. Metodológicamente, se realizó un estudio cuantitativo utilizando encuestas estructuradas aplicadas a una muestra de 420 estudiantes de cinco universidades privadas. Los resultados muestran que, aunque el 51.7% de los estudiantes perciben su aprendizaje con IA como alto, solo el 32.4% consideran que su rendimiento es alto, evidenciando una disonancia significativa. Se encontró una correlación moderada (R=0.608) entre la percepción y el rendimiento, con un coeficiente de determinación (R²) de 0.370, lo que indica que mejorar la percepción del aprendizaje con IA podría aumentar significativamente el rendimiento académico. En conclusión, es esencial implementar estrategias pedagógicas que integren efectivamente la IA en el currículo, fomentando una percepción positiva y conectando mejor la teoría con la práctica para optimizar el rendimiento académico y las habilidades técnicas de los estudiantes.