The study provides a detailed analysis of the competitiveness of Peruvian agro-exports, aiming to describe the export development of its four main products. Using a nonexperimental, quantitative, and descriptive approach, the research evaluates the exports of grapes, blueberries, avocados, and asparagus from Peru between 2018 and 2022. Tools such as pivot tables in Excel and data from SUNAT Customs and the International Trade Center were used, focusing on aspects like the number of importing countries, the number of exporting companies, net weight, FOB value, and primarily the Absolute Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (ARCAI). The results show significant growth in grape and blueberry exports, with an increase in volume and value, while asparagus and avocados face challenges in market and exporter diversification. The absolute ARCAI indicates a strong and stable specialization in these products. The conclusions highlight the need for differentiated strategies for each product. Specific recommendations are suggested for institutions such as MINAGRI, PROMPERÚ, ADEX, and INIA, aimed at promoting technology, quality, market diversification, and sustainable practices.

This study examines the development, sustainability, and innovation of Peru's exports to the European Union since the commencement of their free trade agreement. The methodology is quantitative, based on export data from 2012 to 2023, primarily sourced from Sunat Customs and commercial intelligence tools. The analysis covers the value of exports, diversification, and competitiveness over the period. The findings reveal a significant growth in Peruvian exports to the European Union, especially to countries like the Netherlands and Spain, while a decrease is noted in Germany and Belgium. There is evidence of an increase in the number of exporting companies, indicating greater diversification and strengthening of the Peruvian export sector. Innovation has been crucial in developing competitive products such as avocados and blueberries. However, the study emphasizes the need to continue focusing on diversification, sustainability, and innovation to maintain and improve Peru's position in the European market. It suggests increased collaboration between governmental entities, the private sector, and research centers to foster adaptation to market demands and participation in trade and promotional fairs.

The objective of this study was to analyze the diversification and revealed comparative advantage of global strawberry exports during the period 2019-2023. A quantitative methodology was employed, consisting of the collection and processing of export data obtained from Trade Map and the UN Comtrade Data Base, utilizing the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index to measure market concentration and the Balassa Index to assess the revealed comparative advantage. The results indicated that while Mexico exhibited a high concentration, relying almost exclusively on the United States market, Spain demonstrated a moderate dispersion by alternating between destinations such as Germany, the United Kingdom, and France. In contrast, the United States displayed a balanced distribution among its main destinations, and the Netherlands, together with Belgium, manifested intermediate patterns, albeit with some volatility in their competitive indicators. It was concluded that an excessive dependency on one or a few destinations generated vulnerabilities in the face of international fluctuations, as opposed to the stability derived from adequate diversification. Consequently, it was recommended that trade authorities and strategic stakeholders implement policies aimed at gradually opening new markets, strengthening the product's image, and adopting technological innovations to mitigate risks and foster sustainable growth in the agro-export sector.

Resumen-The article analyses the sustainability of frozen squid exports from Peru between 2019 and 2023, evaluating the diversification of markets and exporting companies using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI). Globally, there was a trend towards diversification, with a reduction in the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) from 1379 to 957. In Peru, exports showed a significant recovery after the Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic, albeit with a high concentration in the Chinese market, which represented a growth of 361.5% between 2020 and 2023. The research under discussion highlights challenges related to dependence on specific markets and companies, as well as the need to diversify destinations and promote sustainable practices to reduce economic vulnerability. In methodological terms, a descriptive analysis was carried out based on VERITRADE export data, showing that Piura leads national exports, while other regions such as Ica and Lambayeque face significant declines. The study concludes that, although initial diversification is positive, recent concentration represents a risk, and recommends strategies to promote market diversification, support for new export companies, and the strengthening of the sector's environmental and economic sustainability.

The main objective of the research was to analyze the sustainability of Peru's banana exports through the diversification of markets and companies. The methodology employed was a quantitative approach, based on the analysis of export data reported by SUNAT, which was organized and evaluated using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) to measure market and business concentration. The results showed a decrease in market HHI, from 2809 in 2014 to 1634 in 2023, indicating diversification towards more international destinations. However, in terms of businesses, a slight concentration was observed, with the HHI increasing from 459 to 551 during the same period, suggesting moderate dominance by certain companies. The conclusions emphasize that, although diversification has reduced dependence on traditional markets, there remains a need to expand into emerging markets and strengthen the participation of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is recommended to develop government policies to support these companies, improve logistical infrastructure, and promote sustainable practices that enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of Peru's banana sector.

The study aims to evaluate the commercial position, innovation, and sustainability of Peru's agricultural export sector to China during the period 2014-2023. Methodologically, a quantitative approach with a descriptive scope was applied, using data from customs declarations and the sector's total FOB value to measure the commercial position, product diversification to evaluate innovation, and exporter diversification to analyze sustainability. The results show that China is a key market with significant growth in the FOB value of Peruvian exports, especially in products such as blueberries, grapes, and avocados. Innovation is reflected in the diversification of the export basket, although the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) suggests concentration in certain products. Sustainability was assessed through the diversification of exporting companies, showing positive growth but also challenges due to agricultural expansion. It is concluded that Peru's commercial position in China has improved, highlighting the need for market and product diversification to mitigate risks and increase competitiveness. It is recommended to promote geographic diversification and agricultural innovation, while companies should invest in advanced technologies and quality certifications.