This research presents a green approach to synthesizing zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) nanoparticles using an Asphodelus fistulosus plant extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized ZrO₂ nanoparticles were characterized using various advanced techniques. The XRD pattern provides different forms of ZrO₂, like tetragonal and cubic forms, and the results confirmed the successful formation of crystalline ZrO₂ nanoparticles with a definite morphology. The XPS data exhibit that the bioactive chemicals present in the extract, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and reducing sugars, perform the functions of reducing and capping agents. Additionally, CR dye molecules may create hydrogen bonds with these surface moieties, which are approved by FTIR. These interactions may assist in aligning dye molecules with catalytically active regions on ZrO₂ surfaces and may interact with photogenerated species. The catalytic activity of the synthesized ZrO₂ nanoparticles was evaluated for the degradation of Congo red dye under ultraviolet irradiation. The nanoparticles exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity, degrading a significant amount of the dye within a short period. Various parameters were investigated to optimize the photodegradation process, including irradiation time, catalyst dosage, pH, and initial dye concentration. The optimal conditions were determined to be a pH of 7, a catalyst loading of 20 mg/L, and an irradiation time of 75 min, resulting in a remarkable ≈92% degradation efficiency. This green synthesis method offers a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional chemical methods for producing ZrO₂ nanoparticles, which have potential applications in environmental remediation.

The identification and control of toxic impurities are vital components of patient safety. Impurities may adversely affect a drug's potency as well as cause adverse reactions. A drug's therapeutic effectiveness depends on maintaining acceptable levels of impurities. A study was conducted to develop four sustainability tools with a green-and-white metric approach. These tools are designed to investigate the potential environmental impacts of innovative and straightforward RP-UPLC strategies used for simultaneous analysis and separation of the drug and its impurities in their pure form. The calibration curves for candesartan cilexetil and impurity B, impurity C, impurity D, impurity E, and impurity F from 0.00020–0.0101, 0.00101–0.0505, 0.00103–0.0514, 0.000975–0.0487, 0.00102–0.0511, and 0.00102–0.0512 mg mL⁻¹ exhibited a correlation value exceeding 0.9998. The recovery ±15% of the actual amount, which is considered acceptable. ICH guidelines thoroughly validate the recommended approach for analyzing newly developed formulations, ensuring their high reliability. A technique that can estimate antihypertension drugs and their impurities simultaneously using RP-UPLC has been successfully developed. Green and white metrics were used to assess this approach's environmental sustainability.

A new synthesis of mixed ligand complexes vanadium(III), iron(III), and nickel(II), [M:L1:L2], where L1=Schiff base 2-((E)-((4-(((E)-benzylidene)amino)phenyl)imino)methyl)-naphthalene-1-ol (C₂₄H₁₈N₂O) as for L2=AMPY 2-amino-4-methyl pyrimidine (C₅H₇N₃) were prepared in powder and investigated. Element analysis, molar conductivity, FT-IR, UV-vis, and magnetic susceptibility values have been acquired to describe the generated complexes. The values of vanadium(III), iron(III), and nickel(II) compounds are, respectively, 2.88 BM, 5.96 BM, and 2.92 BM, demonstrating that all compounds conform to the recommended octahedral geometry. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is used to further assess the complexes and establish the temperature stability and degradation of the metal complexes. The calculations abstracted from XRD patterns propose nanosized complexes (average size 2950nm). The microstructures of the samples have also been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The disc diffusion method was used to assess and analyze the inhibition of the growth of compounds against harmful bacterial and fungal strains. The prepared complexes were tested against three strains of bacteria, one gram-positive strain (Bacillus subtilis), two gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and one fungus (Aspergillus fumigatus). The complexes inferred antimicrobial activity against the studied organisms. Specifically, vanadium(III) and nickel(II) are more effective than iron(III), making them promising drugs.