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Water resource management in the UK is multifaceted, with a complexity of issues arising from acute and chronic stressors. Below average rainfall in spring 2020 coincided with large-scale changes to domestic water consumption patterns, arising from the first UK-wide COVID-19 lockdown, resulting in increased pressure on nationwide resources. A sector wide survey, semi-structured interviews with sector executives, meteorological data, water resource management plans and market information were used to evaluate the impact of acute and chronic threats on water demand in the UK, and how resilience to both can be increased. The COVID-19 pandemic was a particularly acute threat: water demand increased across the country, it was unpredictable and hard to forecast, and compounding this, below average rainfall resulted in some areas having to tanker in water to ‘top up’ the network. This occurred in regions of the UK that are ‘water stressed’ as well as those that are not. We therefore propose a need to look beyond ‘design droughts’ and ‘dry weather average demand’ to characterise the management and resilience of future water resources. As a sector, we can learn from this acute threat and administer a more integrated approach, combining action on the social value of water, the implementation of water trading and the development of nationwide multi-sectoral resilience plans to better respond to short and long-term disruptors.
Sarah Bunney; Elizabeth Lawson; Sarah Cotterill; David Butler. Water Resource Management: Moving from Single Risk-Based Management to Resilience to Multiple Stressors. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8609 .
AMA StyleSarah Bunney, Elizabeth Lawson, Sarah Cotterill, David Butler. Water Resource Management: Moving from Single Risk-Based Management to Resilience to Multiple Stressors. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8609.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarah Bunney; Elizabeth Lawson; Sarah Cotterill; David Butler. 2021. "Water Resource Management: Moving from Single Risk-Based Management to Resilience to Multiple Stressors." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8609.
This paper presents the advantages and opportunities for rapid preliminary intervention screening to enhance inclusion of green infrastructures in regional scale stormwater management. Stormwater flooding is widely recognised as a significant and worsening natural hazard across the globe; however, current management approaches aimed at the site scale do not adequately explore opportunities for integrated management at the regional scale at which decisions are made. This research addresses this gap through supporting the development of stormwater management strategies, including green infrastructure, at a regional scale. This is achieved through upscaling a modelling approach using a spatially explicit inundation model (CADDIES) coupled with an economic model of inundation loss (OpenProFIA) to support widescale evaluation of green infrastructure during the informative early-stage development of stormwater management strategies. This novel regional scale approach is demonstrated across a case study of the San Francisco Bay Area, spanning 8300 sq km. The main opportunity from this regional approach is to identify spatial and temporal trends which are used to inform regional planning and direct future detailed modelling efforts. The study highlights several limitations of the new method, suggesting it should be applied as part of a suite of landscape management approaches; however, highlights that it has the potential to complement existing stormwater management toolkits.
James Webber; Mariano Balbi; David Lallemant; Michael Gibson; Guangtao Fu; David Butler; Perrine Hamel. Towards Regional Scale Stormwater Flood Management Strategies through Rapid Preliminary Intervention Screening. Water 2021, 13, 2027 .
AMA StyleJames Webber, Mariano Balbi, David Lallemant, Michael Gibson, Guangtao Fu, David Butler, Perrine Hamel. Towards Regional Scale Stormwater Flood Management Strategies through Rapid Preliminary Intervention Screening. Water. 2021; 13 (15):2027.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames Webber; Mariano Balbi; David Lallemant; Michael Gibson; Guangtao Fu; David Butler; Perrine Hamel. 2021. "Towards Regional Scale Stormwater Flood Management Strategies through Rapid Preliminary Intervention Screening." Water 13, no. 15: 2027.
Fractals have been identified as a common feature in many natural and artificial networks that exhibit self-similarity of the topological patterns, i.e. different parts of the system have similar structures to each other as well as to the whole system. This study investigates the fractality in water distribution networks (WDNs) and the application of the fractal property in WDNs analysis. Specifically, we explore the existence of fractal topological patterns in eight real-world WDNs of different complexities by using the box-covering algorithm. The results demonstrate all of the studied WDNs are fractal. Moreover, the application of the fractal property is demonstrated via critical pipe identification and optimal rehabilitation of benchmark real-world WDNs. All results show that the fractal-based approach can achieve better or equally good solutions compared with conventional methods in a much more efficient way, e.g. via automation of some processes or significant reduction in the search space/components to consider.
Kegong Diao; David Butler; Bogumil Ulanicki. Fractality in water distribution networks: application to criticality analysis and optimal rehabilitation. Urban Water Journal 2021, 1 -11.
AMA StyleKegong Diao, David Butler, Bogumil Ulanicki. Fractality in water distribution networks: application to criticality analysis and optimal rehabilitation. Urban Water Journal. 2021; ():1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKegong Diao; David Butler; Bogumil Ulanicki. 2021. "Fractality in water distribution networks: application to criticality analysis and optimal rehabilitation." Urban Water Journal , no. : 1-11.
This paper explores the spatial impact of green infrastructure (GI) location on the resilience of urban drainage systems by the application of exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA). A framework that integrates resilience assessment, location sensitivity analysis and ESDA is presented and applied to an urban catchment in the United Kingdom. Three types of GI, namely a bioretention cell, permeable pavement, and green roof, are evaluated separately and simultaneously. Resilience is assessed using stress-strain tests, which measure the system performance based on the magnitude and duration of sewer flooding and combined sewer overflows. Based on the results of a location sensitivity analysis, ESDA is applied to determine if there is spatial autocorrelation, spatial clusters, and spatial outliers. Results show a stronger spatial dependency using sewer flooding indicators. Different GI measures present differences in spatial autocorrelation and spatial cluster results, highlighting the differences in their underlying mechanisms. The finding of conflicting spatial clusters indicates that there are trade-offs in the placement of GI in certain locations. The proposed framework can be used as a tool for GI spatial planning, helping in the development of a systematic approach for resilience-performance orientated GI design and planning.
Mayra Rodriguez; Guangtao Fu; David Butler; Zhiguo Yuan; Keshab Sharma. Exploring the Spatial Impact of Green Infrastructure on Urban Drainage Resilience. Water 2021, 13, 1789 .
AMA StyleMayra Rodriguez, Guangtao Fu, David Butler, Zhiguo Yuan, Keshab Sharma. Exploring the Spatial Impact of Green Infrastructure on Urban Drainage Resilience. Water. 2021; 13 (13):1789.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMayra Rodriguez; Guangtao Fu; David Butler; Zhiguo Yuan; Keshab Sharma. 2021. "Exploring the Spatial Impact of Green Infrastructure on Urban Drainage Resilience." Water 13, no. 13: 1789.
Complexity in water distribution systems (WDSs) poses a challenge for analysis and management of the systems. To reduce the complexity, the recent development of complex network science provides a system decomposition technique that converts a complex WDS with a large number of components into a simple system with a set of interconnected modules. Each module is a subsystem with stronger internal connections than external connections. Thus far, the topological features of the modular structure in WDS have been extensively studied but not the behavioural features, e.g. the hydraulic interdependencies among modules. Therefore, this paper aims to quantitatively measure and graphically visualize the module interdependency in WDSs, which helps understanding the behavioural complexity of WDSs and thus various WDS analyses, such as pipe maintenance, model calibration, rehabilitation, and District Metered Areas planning. Specifically, this study first identifies the WDS's modular structure then measures how changes in the state of one module (i.e. any single pipe failure or perturbed demand within each module) affect the state of another module. Modular interdependencies are summarized in an interdependency matrix and visualized by the digraph. Four real-world systems are analysed, and three of them shows low interdependencies among most of the modules and there are only a few critical modules whose status changes will substantially affect a number of other modules. Hence, highly interconnected topologies may not result in strong and complex module interdependency, which is a fact that simplifies several WDS analysis for practical applications as discussed in this paper.
Kegong Diao; Donghwi Jung; Raziyeh Farmani; Guangtao Fu; David Butler; Kevin Lansey. Modular interdependency analysis for water distribution systems. Water Research 2021, 201, 117320 .
AMA StyleKegong Diao, Donghwi Jung, Raziyeh Farmani, Guangtao Fu, David Butler, Kevin Lansey. Modular interdependency analysis for water distribution systems. Water Research. 2021; 201 ():117320.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKegong Diao; Donghwi Jung; Raziyeh Farmani; Guangtao Fu; David Butler; Kevin Lansey. 2021. "Modular interdependency analysis for water distribution systems." Water Research 201, no. : 117320.
Ensuring a sustainable urban water supply for developing/low-income countries requires an understanding of the factors affecting water consumption and technical evidence of individual consumption which can be used to design an improved water demand projection. This paper compared dry and rainy season water sources available for consumption and the end-use volume by each person in the different income groups. The study used a questionnaire survey to gather household data for a total of 398 households, which was analysed to develop the relationship between per capita water consumption characteristics: Socio-economic status, demographics, water use behaviour around indoor and outdoor water use activities. In the per capita water consumption patterns of Freetown, a seasonal variation was found: In the rainy season, per capita water consumption was found to be about 7% higher than the consumption for the full sample, whilst in the dry season, per capita water consumption was almost 14% lower than the full survey. The statistical analysis of the data shows that the average per capita water consumption for both households increases with income for informal slum-, low-, middle- and high-income households without piped connection (73, 78, 94 and 112 L/capita/day) and with connection (91, 97, 113 and 133 L/capita/day), respectively. The collected data have been used to develop 20 statistical models using the multiple linear stepwise regression method for selecting the best predictor variable from the data set. It can be seen from the values that the strongest significant relationships of per capita consumption are with the number of occupants (R = −0.728) in the household and time spent to fetch water for use (R = −0.711). Furthermore, the results reveal that the highest fraction of end use is showering (18%), then bathing (16%), followed by toilet use (14%). This is not in agreement with many developing countries where toilet use represents the largest component of indoor end use.
Salmatta Ibrahim A; Fayyaz Memon; David Butler. Seasonal Variation of Rainy and Dry Season Per Capita Water Consumption in Freetown City Sierra Leone. Water 2021, 13, 499 .
AMA StyleSalmatta Ibrahim A, Fayyaz Memon, David Butler. Seasonal Variation of Rainy and Dry Season Per Capita Water Consumption in Freetown City Sierra Leone. Water. 2021; 13 (4):499.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalmatta Ibrahim A; Fayyaz Memon; David Butler. 2021. "Seasonal Variation of Rainy and Dry Season Per Capita Water Consumption in Freetown City Sierra Leone." Water 13, no. 4: 499.
Water demand management often focuses on quantifying the benefits of water efficiency rather than the potential impact of reduced flows on the sewer network. This study assessed the impact of a high-density deployment of ultra-low flush toilets (ULFT). A pre-installation washroom survey was carried out in July 2018. Water demand and sewer network condition were assessed ahead of the installation of 119 ULFTs and a real-time monitoring system across seven buildings on the University of Exeter campus. ULFTs were flushed 257,925 times in 177 days saving an estimated 2287 m3 per annum (compared to traditional 6 litre WCs). The annual cost saving of this reduction is approximately £12,580/annum, assuming a volumetric cost of £5.50/m3 of water. Mean discharge to the sewer network reduced by 6 m3/day. In the six-month period, 95 maintenance issues were reported, equating to 1 in 2700 flushes (0.037%). However, the frequency of incidents decreased after an initial commissioning period. There is no evidence, from blockage reports or photographs of manhole flow conditions, that the risk of blockage in the sewer network increased as a result of the ULFT installation programme.
Peter Melville-Shreeve; Sarah Cotterill; Alex Newman; David Butler. Campus Study of the Impact of Ultra-Low Flush Toilets on Sewerage Networks and Water Usage. Water 2021, 13, 419 .
AMA StylePeter Melville-Shreeve, Sarah Cotterill, Alex Newman, David Butler. Campus Study of the Impact of Ultra-Low Flush Toilets on Sewerage Networks and Water Usage. Water. 2021; 13 (4):419.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Melville-Shreeve; Sarah Cotterill; Alex Newman; David Butler. 2021. "Campus Study of the Impact of Ultra-Low Flush Toilets on Sewerage Networks and Water Usage." Water 13, no. 4: 419.
Graphene and its counterparts have been widely used for the removal of contaminants from (waste)water but with limited success for the removal of pharmaceutical contaminants. Driven by this need, this study reports, for the first time, the removal of pharmaceuticals from real contaminated water samples using porous graphene (PG) as a filter-based column. This work systematically evaluates the performance of PG as a filter medium for the removal of widely consumed pharmaceutical/emerging contaminants (ECs) such as atenolol, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, diclofenac, gemfibrozil and ibuprofen. Several factors were investigated in these column studies, including different reactive layer configurations, bed packing heights (5–45 mm), filter sizes (inner diameter 18–40 mm), adsorbent dosages (100–500 mg-PG) and water bodies (distilled water, greywater, and actual effluent wastewater). Sustainable synthesis of PG was carried out followed by its use as a filter medium for the removal of pharmaceuticals at high concentrations (10.5 ± 0.5 mg/L) and trace concentrations (1 mg/L). These findings revealed that the double-layered PG-sand column outperformed a PG single-layered configuration for the removal of most of the ECs. The removal efficiency of ECs from their solutions was improved by increasing PG dosages and filter bed height and size. Although the treatment of mixed pharmaceutical solutions from different water bodies was affected by the negative interference caused by competing water compounds, the treatment of ECs-contaminated greywater was not severely affected. Our findings suggest that PG, as a highly efficient filter medium, could be used for the removal of emerging pharmaceutical contaminants from water and wastewater.
Ahmed Khalil; Fayyaz Memon; Tanveer Tabish; Ben Fenton; Deborah Salmon; ShaoWei Zhang; David Butler. Performance Evaluation of Porous Graphene as Filter Media for the Removal of Pharmaceutical/Emerging Contaminants from Water and Wastewater. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 79 .
AMA StyleAhmed Khalil, Fayyaz Memon, Tanveer Tabish, Ben Fenton, Deborah Salmon, ShaoWei Zhang, David Butler. Performance Evaluation of Porous Graphene as Filter Media for the Removal of Pharmaceutical/Emerging Contaminants from Water and Wastewater. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11 (1):79.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed Khalil; Fayyaz Memon; Tanveer Tabish; Ben Fenton; Deborah Salmon; ShaoWei Zhang; David Butler. 2021. "Performance Evaluation of Porous Graphene as Filter Media for the Removal of Pharmaceutical/Emerging Contaminants from Water and Wastewater." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1: 79.
Studies of adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 include characterisation of lethal, severe and mild cases1-8. Understanding how long immunity lasts in people who have had mild or asymptomatic infection is crucial. Healthcare worker (HCW) cohorts exposed to and infected by SARS-CoV-2 during the early stages of the pandemic are an invaluable resource to study this question9-14. The UK COVIDsortium is a longitudinal, London hospital HCW cohort, followed from the time of UK lockdown9,10 ; weekly PCR, serology and symptom diaries allowed capture of asymptomatic infection around the time of onset, so duration of immunity could be tracked. Here, we conduct a cross-sectional, case-control, sub-study of 136 HCW at 16-18 weeks after UK lockdown, with 76 having had laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 mild or asymptomatic infection. Neutralising antibodies (nAb) were present in 90% of infected HCW sampled after the first wave; titres, likely to correlate with functional protection, were present in 66% at 16-18 weeks. T cell responses tended to be lower in asymptomatic infected HCW than those reporting case-definition symptoms of COVID-19, while nAb titres were maintained irrespective of symptoms. T cell and antibody responses were discordant. HCW lacking nAb also showed undetectable T cells to Spike protein but had T cells of other specificities. Our findings suggest that the majority of HCW with mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection carry nAb complemented by multi-specific T cell responses for at least 4 months after mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Catherine J. Reynolds; Leo Swadling; Joseph M. Gibbons; Corinna Pade; Melanie P. Jensen; Mariana O. Diniz; Nathalie M. Schmidt; David K. Butler; Oliver E. Amin; Sasha N. L. Bailey; Stephen Taylor; Jessica Jones; Meleri Jones; Wing-Yiu Jason Lee; Joshua Rosenheim; Aneesh Chandran; George Joy; Cecilia Di Genova; Nigel J. Temperton; Jonathan Lambourne; Teresa Cutino-Moguel; Mervyn Andiapen; Marianna Fontana; Angelique Smit; Amanda Semper; Ben O’Brien; Benjamin Chain; Tim Brooks; Charlotte Manisty; Thomas Treibel; James C Moon; Mahdad C. Noursadeghi; Daniel M. Altmann; Mala K. Maini; Aine McKnight; Rosemary J. Boyton; COVIDsortium investigators; Covidsortium Immune Correlates Network. Healthcare workers with mild / asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection show T cell responses and neutralising antibodies after the first wave. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleCatherine J. Reynolds, Leo Swadling, Joseph M. Gibbons, Corinna Pade, Melanie P. Jensen, Mariana O. Diniz, Nathalie M. Schmidt, David K. Butler, Oliver E. Amin, Sasha N. L. Bailey, Stephen Taylor, Jessica Jones, Meleri Jones, Wing-Yiu Jason Lee, Joshua Rosenheim, Aneesh Chandran, George Joy, Cecilia Di Genova, Nigel J. Temperton, Jonathan Lambourne, Teresa Cutino-Moguel, Mervyn Andiapen, Marianna Fontana, Angelique Smit, Amanda Semper, Ben O’Brien, Benjamin Chain, Tim Brooks, Charlotte Manisty, Thomas Treibel, James C Moon, Mahdad C. Noursadeghi, Daniel M. Altmann, Mala K. Maini, Aine McKnight, Rosemary J. Boyton, COVIDsortium investigators, Covidsortium Immune Correlates Network. Healthcare workers with mild / asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection show T cell responses and neutralising antibodies after the first wave. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCatherine J. Reynolds; Leo Swadling; Joseph M. Gibbons; Corinna Pade; Melanie P. Jensen; Mariana O. Diniz; Nathalie M. Schmidt; David K. Butler; Oliver E. Amin; Sasha N. L. Bailey; Stephen Taylor; Jessica Jones; Meleri Jones; Wing-Yiu Jason Lee; Joshua Rosenheim; Aneesh Chandran; George Joy; Cecilia Di Genova; Nigel J. Temperton; Jonathan Lambourne; Teresa Cutino-Moguel; Mervyn Andiapen; Marianna Fontana; Angelique Smit; Amanda Semper; Ben O’Brien; Benjamin Chain; Tim Brooks; Charlotte Manisty; Thomas Treibel; James C Moon; Mahdad C. Noursadeghi; Daniel M. Altmann; Mala K. Maini; Aine McKnight; Rosemary J. Boyton; COVIDsortium investigators; Covidsortium Immune Correlates Network. 2020. "Healthcare workers with mild / asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection show T cell responses and neutralising antibodies after the first wave." , no. : 1.
Despite considerable efforts to improve water management, India is becoming increasingly water stressed due to multiple factors, including climate change, increasing population, and urbanization. We address one of the most challenging problems in the design of water treatment plants: how to select a suitable technology for a specific scenario or context. The process of decision making first requires the identification of feasible treatment configurations based on various objectives and criteria. In addition, the multiplicity of water quality parameters and design variables adds further complexity to the process. In this study, we propose a novel Decision Support Tool (DST), designed to address and support the above challenges. In this user-friendly tool, both Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) methods are employed. The integration of MCDA with MOO facilitates the generation of feasible drinking water treatment solutions, identifies optimal options, and ultimately, improves the process of decision making. This implemented approach has been tested for different contexts, including for different types of raw water sources and system implementation scales. The results show that this tool can enhance the process of decision making, supporting the user (e.g., stakeholders and decision makers) to implement the most suitable water treatment systems, keeping in view the trade-offs.
Seyed M. K. Sadr; Matthew B. Johns; Fayyaz A. Memon; Andrew P. Duncan; James Gordon; Robert Gibson; Hubert J. F. Chang; Mark S. Morley; Dragan Savic; David Butler. Development and Application of a Multi-Objective-Optimization and Multi-Criteria-Based Decision Support Tool for Selecting Optimal Water Treatment Technologies in India. Water 2020, 12, 2836 .
AMA StyleSeyed M. K. Sadr, Matthew B. Johns, Fayyaz A. Memon, Andrew P. Duncan, James Gordon, Robert Gibson, Hubert J. F. Chang, Mark S. Morley, Dragan Savic, David Butler. Development and Application of a Multi-Objective-Optimization and Multi-Criteria-Based Decision Support Tool for Selecting Optimal Water Treatment Technologies in India. Water. 2020; 12 (10):2836.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeyed M. K. Sadr; Matthew B. Johns; Fayyaz A. Memon; Andrew P. Duncan; James Gordon; Robert Gibson; Hubert J. F. Chang; Mark S. Morley; Dragan Savic; David Butler. 2020. "Development and Application of a Multi-Objective-Optimization and Multi-Criteria-Based Decision Support Tool for Selecting Optimal Water Treatment Technologies in India." Water 12, no. 10: 2836.
David Butler; Raziyeh Farmani; Slobodan Djordjević. Water systems modelling, data and control. Urban Water Journal 2020, 17, 681 -681.
AMA StyleDavid Butler, Raziyeh Farmani, Slobodan Djordjević. Water systems modelling, data and control. Urban Water Journal. 2020; 17 (8):681-681.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Butler; Raziyeh Farmani; Slobodan Djordjević. 2020. "Water systems modelling, data and control." Urban Water Journal 17, no. 8: 681-681.
Rainwater harvesting systems are often used as both an alternative water source and a stormwater management tool. Many studies have focused on the water-saving potential of these systems, but research into aspects that impact stormwater retention—such as demand patterns and climate change—is lacking. This paper investigates the short-term impact of demand on both water supply and stormwater management and examines future and potential performance over a longer time scale using climate change projections. To achieve this, data was collected from domestic rainwater harvesting systems in Broadhempston, UK, and used to create a yield-after-spillage model. The validation process showed that using constant demand as opposed to monitored data had little impact on accuracy. With regards to stormwater management, it was found that monitored households did not use all the non-potable available water, and that increasing their demand for this was the most effective way of increasing retention capacity based on the modelling study completed. Installing passive or active runoff control did not markedly improve performance. Passive systems reduced the outflow to greenfield runoff for the longest time, whereas active systems increased the outflow to a level substantially above roof runoff in the 30 largest events.
Ruth Quinn; Peter Melville-Shreeve; David Butler; Virginia Stovin. A Critical Evaluation of the Water Supply and Stormwater Management Performance of Retrofittable Domestic Rainwater Harvesting Systems. Water 2020, 12, 1184 .
AMA StyleRuth Quinn, Peter Melville-Shreeve, David Butler, Virginia Stovin. A Critical Evaluation of the Water Supply and Stormwater Management Performance of Retrofittable Domestic Rainwater Harvesting Systems. Water. 2020; 12 (4):1184.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuth Quinn; Peter Melville-Shreeve; David Butler; Virginia Stovin. 2020. "A Critical Evaluation of the Water Supply and Stormwater Management Performance of Retrofittable Domestic Rainwater Harvesting Systems." Water 12, no. 4: 1184.
Global threats such as climate change, increasing urbanisation, and rapid population growth will continue to pose major challenges for the water sector over the coming decades. Questions over supply, delivery and demand, all form a central part of this argument with the themes of sustainability and resilience often included in the response. Recent events, along with reactive changes to national legislation and policy, have resulted in a need for the notion of resilience to develop from a theoretical concept to a tangible operational method. This commentary discusses barriers to the operationalisation of resilience in the water sector of England and Wales. The current privatised governance structure of the water sector is first discussed before the three main barriers to operationalisation—lack of agreed definition, metrics and the measuring of resilience—and the need to further acknowledge the ‘socio’ in socio-technical systems, are further explored. A deeper understanding of the notion of resilience in the context of the water sector, and how it can be successfully and effectively applied and implemented at an operational level, are crucial if the sector is to manage and respond to the aforementioned global challenges.
Elizabeth Lawson; Raziyeh Farmani; Ewan Woodley; David Butler. A Resilient and Sustainable Water Sector: Barriers to the Operationalisation of Resilience. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1797 .
AMA StyleElizabeth Lawson, Raziyeh Farmani, Ewan Woodley, David Butler. A Resilient and Sustainable Water Sector: Barriers to the Operationalisation of Resilience. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (5):1797.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElizabeth Lawson; Raziyeh Farmani; Ewan Woodley; David Butler. 2020. "A Resilient and Sustainable Water Sector: Barriers to the Operationalisation of Resilience." Sustainability 12, no. 5: 1797.
There is increasing interest in using Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in flood risk management activities including in response to flood events. However, there is little evidence that they are used in a structured and strategic manner to best effect. An effective response to flooding is essential if lives are to be saved and suffering alleviated. This study evaluates how UAS can be used in the preparation for and response to flood emergencies and develops guidelines for their deployment before, during and after a flood event. A comprehensive literature review and interviews, with people with practical experience of flood risk management, compared the current organizational and operational structures for flood emergency response in both England and India, and developed a deployment analysis matrix of existing UAS applications. An online survey was carried out in England to assess how the technology could be further developed to meet flood emergency response needs. The deployment analysis matrix has the potential to be translated into an Indian context and other countries. Those organizations responsible for overseeing flood risk management activities including the response to flooding events will have to keep abreast of the rapid technological advances in UAS if they are to be used to best effect.
Gloria Salmoral; Monica Rivas Casado; Manoranjan Muthusamy; David Butler; Prathyush P. Menon; Paul Leinster. Guidelines for the Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Flood Emergency Response. Water 2020, 12, 521 .
AMA StyleGloria Salmoral, Monica Rivas Casado, Manoranjan Muthusamy, David Butler, Prathyush P. Menon, Paul Leinster. Guidelines for the Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Flood Emergency Response. Water. 2020; 12 (2):521.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGloria Salmoral; Monica Rivas Casado; Manoranjan Muthusamy; David Butler; Prathyush P. Menon; Paul Leinster. 2020. "Guidelines for the Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Flood Emergency Response." Water 12, no. 2: 521.
Integrated real-time control (RTC) of urban wastewater systems, which can automatically adjust system operation to environmental changes, has been found in previous studies as a cost-effective strategy to strike a balance between good surface water quality and low greenhouse gas emissions. However, its regulatory implications have not been examined. To investigate the effective regulation of wastewater systems with this technology, two permitting approaches are developed and assessed in this work - upstream-based permitting (i.e. environmental outcomes as a function of upstream conditions) and means-based permitting (i.e. prescription of an optimal RTC strategy). An analytical framework is proposed for permit development and assessment using a diverse set of high performing integrated RTC strategies and environmental scenarios (rainfall, river flow rate and water quality). Results from a case study show that by applying means-based permitting, the best achievable, locally suitable environmental outcomes (subject to 10% deviation) are obtained in over 80% of testing scenarios (or all testing scenarios if 19% of performance deviation is allowed) regardless of the uncertain upstream conditions. Upstream-based permitting is less effective as it is difficult to set reasonable performance targets for a highly complex and stochastic environment.
Fanlin Meng; Guangtao Fu; David Butler. Regulatory Implications of Integrated Real-Time Control Technology under Environmental Uncertainty. Environmental Science & Technology 2020, 54, 1314 -1325.
AMA StyleFanlin Meng, Guangtao Fu, David Butler. Regulatory Implications of Integrated Real-Time Control Technology under Environmental Uncertainty. Environmental Science & Technology. 2020; 54 (3):1314-1325.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFanlin Meng; Guangtao Fu; David Butler. 2020. "Regulatory Implications of Integrated Real-Time Control Technology under Environmental Uncertainty." Environmental Science & Technology 54, no. 3: 1314-1325.
Green infrastructure strategies are often cited as best practice for urban water management; however, limited research has been undertaken to compare intervention effectiveness during moderate to extreme intensity rainfall events which are typically responsible for surface water flooding. This research responds to this through applying a cellular automata-based rapid scenario screening framework to predict the flood management performance of green infrastructure strategies across an urban catchment in Melbourne City Centre (Australia). Key findings indicate an intensive application of green infrastructure could substantially reduce flood depth and velocity in the catchment but that residual risk remains, particularly during extreme flood events. The best performing intervention strategy in the study area was found to be catchment-wide decentralised rainwater capture. The research also evidences the utility of rapid scenario screening tools to complement existing flood modelling approaches through screening management strategies, exploring scenarios and engaging a wide range of multi-disciplinary stakeholders.
J. L. Webber; T. D. Fletcher; L. Cunningham; G. Fu; D. Butler; M. J. Burns. Is green infrastructure a viable strategy for managing urban surface water flooding? Urban Water Journal 2019, 17, 598 -608.
AMA StyleJ. L. Webber, T. D. Fletcher, L. Cunningham, G. Fu, D. Butler, M. J. Burns. Is green infrastructure a viable strategy for managing urban surface water flooding? Urban Water Journal. 2019; 17 (7):598-608.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. L. Webber; T. D. Fletcher; L. Cunningham; G. Fu; D. Butler; M. J. Burns. 2019. "Is green infrastructure a viable strategy for managing urban surface water flooding?" Urban Water Journal 17, no. 7: 598-608.
Reducing nutrient discharge from wastewater is essential to mitigating aquatic eutrophication; however, energy- and chemicals-intensive nutrient removal processes, accompanied with the emissions of airborne contaminants, can create other, unexpected, environmental consequences. Implementing mitigation strategies requires a complete understanding of the effects of nutrient control practices, given spatial and temporal variations. Here we simulate the environmental impacts of reducing nutrient discharge from domestic wastewater in 173 countries during 1990-2050. We find that improvements in wastewater infrastructure achieve a large-scale decline in nutrient input to surface waters, but this is causing detrimental effects on the atmosphere and the broader environment. Population size and dietary protein intake have the most significant effects over all the impacts arising from reduction of wastewater nutrients. Wastewater-related impact hotspots are also shifting from Asia to Africa, suggesting a need for interventions in such countries, mostly with growing populations, rising dietary intake, rapid urbanisation, and inadequate sanitation.
Xu Wang; Glen Daigger; Wim de Vries; Carolien Kroeze; Min Yang; Nan-Qi Ren; Junxin Liu; David Butler. Impact hotspots of reduced nutrient discharge shift across the globe with population and dietary changes. Nature Communications 2019, 10, 2627 .
AMA StyleXu Wang, Glen Daigger, Wim de Vries, Carolien Kroeze, Min Yang, Nan-Qi Ren, Junxin Liu, David Butler. Impact hotspots of reduced nutrient discharge shift across the globe with population and dietary changes. Nature Communications. 2019; 10 (1):2627.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu Wang; Glen Daigger; Wim de Vries; Carolien Kroeze; Min Yang; Nan-Qi Ren; Junxin Liu; David Butler. 2019. "Impact hotspots of reduced nutrient discharge shift across the globe with population and dietary changes." Nature Communications 10, no. 1: 2627.
Addressing the intersection of two important emerging research areas, re-distributed manufacturing (RDM) and the food-energy-water (FEW) nexus, this work combines insights from engineering, business and policy perspectives and explores opportunities and challenges towards a more localized and sustainable food system. Analysis centred on two specific food products, namely bread and tomato paste reveals that the feasibility and potential of RDM vary with the type of food product and the supply chain (SC) components. Physically, energy efficiency, water consumption and reduction of waste and carbon footprint may be affected by scale and location of production activities and potentials of industrial symbiosis. From the business perspective, novel products, new markets and new business models are expected in order for food RDM to penetrate within the established food industry. Studies on policies, through the lens of public procurement, call for solid evidence of envisioned environmental, social and economic benefits of a more localized food system. An initial integrated framework is proposed for understanding and assessing food RDM and the FEW nexus.
Anton Johannes Veldhuis; Jane Glover; David Bradley; Kourosh Behzadian; Alma López-Avilés; Julian Cottee; Clare Downing; John Ingram; Matthew Leach; Raziyeh Farmani; David Butler; Andy Pike; Lisa De Propris; Laura Purvis; Pamela Robinson; Aidong Yang. Re-distributed manufacturing and the food-water-energy nexus: opportunities and challenges. Production Planning & Control 2019, 30, 593 -609.
AMA StyleAnton Johannes Veldhuis, Jane Glover, David Bradley, Kourosh Behzadian, Alma López-Avilés, Julian Cottee, Clare Downing, John Ingram, Matthew Leach, Raziyeh Farmani, David Butler, Andy Pike, Lisa De Propris, Laura Purvis, Pamela Robinson, Aidong Yang. Re-distributed manufacturing and the food-water-energy nexus: opportunities and challenges. Production Planning & Control. 2019; 30 (7):593-609.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnton Johannes Veldhuis; Jane Glover; David Bradley; Kourosh Behzadian; Alma López-Avilés; Julian Cottee; Clare Downing; John Ingram; Matthew Leach; Raziyeh Farmani; David Butler; Andy Pike; Lisa De Propris; Laura Purvis; Pamela Robinson; Aidong Yang. 2019. "Re-distributed manufacturing and the food-water-energy nexus: opportunities and challenges." Production Planning & Control 30, no. 7: 593-609.
Designing urban water infrastructure systems for environmental sustainability requires consideration of hydrologic performance design criteria and results from life cycle assessment (LCA). The objective of this paper is to present a study of merging hydrologic and LCA criteria into the evaluation of the environmental sustainability of rainwater harvesting (RWH) to control combined sewer overflows (CSOs). A case study of the City of Toledo, Ohio combined sewer system serves as the platform to investigate the two approaches and to compare RWH with centralized gray infrastructure strategies for controlling CSOs. Results show that the four RWH scenarios studied (two RWH-only: one to supply toilet flushing demand and the other to serve as extended detention; and two hybrids based on combining the two previous with gray infrastructure) delivered higher combined sewage volumes to wastewater treatment facilities compared to a gray infrastructure–only scenario. This resulted in elevated life cycle global warming potential (GWP) impacts (1.10 kg CO2e per 1 m3 of reduced CSOs) on average for the four RWH scenarios. The gray infrastructure–only scenario reduced GWP impacts because it included sewer separation leading to lowered amounts of combined sewage volume treated (−1.89 kg CO2e per 1 m3 of reduced CSOs). But, due to the untreated stormwater discharges to receiving waters, the gray infrastructure–only scenario led to a higher ecotoxicity water (ETW) impact [−12.11 comparative toxic unit for ecotoxicity (CTU eco) per 1 m3 of reduced CSOs] compared to the RWH scenarios (−19.62 CTU eco per 1 m3 of reduced CSOs on average). In conclusion, the new watershed-scale LCA framework led to more information on the CSO control strategies compared to hydrologic-only analysis, but it created a more complicated decision. Information from Toledo water stakeholders must be taken into account before nominating a scenario as the one that globally outperforms the others according the multi-hydrologic-LCA criteria.
Hassan Tavakol-Davani; Steven J. Burian; David Butler; David Sample; Jay Devkota; Defne Apul. Combining Hydrologic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment Approaches to Evaluate Sustainability of Water Infrastructure. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 2018, 144, 05018006 .
AMA StyleHassan Tavakol-Davani, Steven J. Burian, David Butler, David Sample, Jay Devkota, Defne Apul. Combining Hydrologic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment Approaches to Evaluate Sustainability of Water Infrastructure. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 2018; 144 (11):05018006.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHassan Tavakol-Davani; Steven J. Burian; David Butler; David Sample; Jay Devkota; Defne Apul. 2018. "Combining Hydrologic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment Approaches to Evaluate Sustainability of Water Infrastructure." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 144, no. 11: 05018006.
Resilience has been increasingly pursued in the management of water distribution systems (WDSs) such that a system can adapt to and rapidly recover from potential failures in face of a deep uncertain and unpredictable future. Topology has been assumed to have a great impact on resilience of WDSs, and is the basis of many studies on assessing and building resilience. However, this fundamental assumption has not been justified and requires investigation. To address this, a novel framework for mapping between resilience performance and network topological attributes is proposed. It is applied to WDSs here but can be adaptable to other network systems. In the framework, resilience is comprehensively assessed using stress-strain tests which measure system performance on six metrics corresponding to system resistance, absorption and restoration capacities. Six key topological attributes of WDSs (connectivity, efficiency, centrality, diversity, robustness and modularity) are studied by mathematical abstraction of WDSs as graphs and measured by eight statistical metrics in graph theory. The interplay between resilience and topological attributes is revealed by the correlations between their corresponding metrics, based on 85 WDSs with different sizes and topological features. Further, network variants from a single WDS are generated to uncover the value of topological attribute metrics in guiding the extension/rehabilitation design of WDSs towards resilience. Results show that only certain aspects of resilience performance, i.e. spatial and temporal scales of failure impacts, are strongly influenced by some (not all) topological attributes, i.e. network connectivity, efficiency, modularity and centrality. Metrics for describing the topological attributes of WDSs need to be carefully selected; for example, clustering coefficient is found to be weakly correlated with resilience performance compared to other metrics of network connectivity (due to the grid-like structures of WDSs). Topological attribute metrics alone are not sufficient to guide the design of resilient WDSs and key details such as the location of water sources also need to be considered.
Fanlin Meng; Guangtao Fu; Raziyeh Farmani; Chris Sweetapple; David Butler. Topological attributes of network resilience: A study in water distribution systems. Water Research 2018, 143, 376 -386.
AMA StyleFanlin Meng, Guangtao Fu, Raziyeh Farmani, Chris Sweetapple, David Butler. Topological attributes of network resilience: A study in water distribution systems. Water Research. 2018; 143 ():376-386.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFanlin Meng; Guangtao Fu; Raziyeh Farmani; Chris Sweetapple; David Butler. 2018. "Topological attributes of network resilience: A study in water distribution systems." Water Research 143, no. : 376-386.