The repair of critical-sized calvarial defects is a challenging problem for orthopedic surgery. One of the promising strategies of bone bioengineering to enhance the efficacy of large bone defect regeneration is the combined delivery of stem cells with osteoinductive factors within polymer carriers. The purpose of the research was to study the regenerative effects of heparin-conjugated fibrin (HCF) hydrogel containing bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and adipose-derived pericytes (ADPs) in a rat critical-sized calvarial defect model. In vitro analysis revealed that the HCF hydrogel was able to control the BMP-2 release and induce alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in neonatal rat osteoblasts. In addition, it was found that eluted BMP-2 significantly induced the osteogenic differentiation of ADPs. It was characterized by the increased ALP activity, osteocalcin expression and calcium deposits in ADPs. In vivo studies have shown that both HCF hydrogel with BMP-2 and HCF hydrogel with pericytes are able to significantly increase the regeneration of critical-sized calvarial defects in comparison with the control group. Nevertheless, the greatest regenerative effect was found after the co-delivery of ADPs and BMP-2 into a critical-sized calvarial defect. Thus, our findings suggest that the combined delivery of ADPs and BMP-2 in HCF hydrogel holds promise to be applied as an alternative biopolymer for the critical-sized bone defect restoration.

Chronic wounds complicated by infection pose significant clinical challenges, necessitating comprehensive treatment approaches. The widespread use of antibiotics has led to resistant microorganisms, complicating traditional therapies. This study aims to develop and evaluate modified alginate wound dressings with enhanced antimicrobial and regenerative properties. Alginate dressings were synthesized with silver nanoparticles, cefepime, and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). The two-stage therapy involved an initial antibacterial dressing followed by a regenerative dressing. In vitro tests demonstrated high antibacterial activity, with maximum inhibition zones for P. aeruginosa (41.3 ± 0.4 mm) and S. aureus (36.6 ± 1.8 mm). In vivo studies on rats with purulent wounds showed significant healing progression in the experimental group. Histological analysis revealed complete re-epithelialization, thicker neoepithelium, dense collagen deposition, and minimal inflammation in treated wounds. These findings suggest that the modified alginate dressings significantly enhance the reparative process and are promising for treating chronic infected wounds in both veterinary and medical practices.

Despite a significant rise of reported eating disorders all over the world, data from Kazakhstan is obscured by lack of recognition of these conditions as serious health issue that have severe lifelong consequences. The attention to these conditions is long overdue and requires concentrated efforts from public, academia, and public health.

Background; Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical environmental threat, yet institutional factors shaping frontline stewardship practices remain poorly understood. Nurses occupy a central role in pharmaceutical handling and waste disposal, but evidence on how healthcare systems enable or obstruct the translation of stewardship knowledge into compliant practice is sparse. We investigated whether environmental stewardship failures among frontline nurses in Kazakhstan primarily reflect knowledge deficits or institutional and professional barriers to behavioural translation.Methods: We conducted a parallel convergent mixed-methods study combining a cross-sectional survey of 25,609 nurses across all 20 administrative regions of Kazakhstan with 52 semi-structured interviews in sfindix tertiary hospitals. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models assessed associations between antibiotic disposal training, stewardship knowledge, professional responsibility perceptions, and disposal behaviours. Qualitative thematic analysis explored institutional mechanisms underlying quantitative patterns.Findings: Of 25,609 nurses, 61·9% reported receiving antibiotic disposal training. Awareness of recommended disposal methods (89·6%) and environmental disposal risks (87·6%) was high, yet substantial behavioural gaps persisted. Among nurses with correct disposal knowledge (n=21,064), trained nurses had lower odds of non-compliant behaviour (OR 0·511, 95% CI 0·466–0·560). Employer-integrated training showed the strongest association with compliance (OR 0·368, 95% CI 0·299–0·453), whereas government and NGO training were paradoxically associated with higher odds of non-compliance. Qualitative analysis identified a responsibility gap, professional role silos, fragmented disposal protocols, and reduced frontline visibility of pharmaceutical waste as key barriers.Interpretation: Environmental stewardship failures among nurses reflect institutional barriers to behavioural translation, not knowledge deficits alone. Stewardship responsibilities must be explicitly integrated into nursing roles, reinforced through workplace accountability mechanisms, and embedded within routine clinical workflows. Nurses represent a critical and underutilised resource within One Health AMR containment strategies.

In recent years, the problem of wound infection has risen dramatically. Infectious complications of surgical wounds have increased significantly, often leading to severe sepsis. Gram-negative bacteria and microorganisms, which are immune to virtually all currently available antimicrobials, are the main culprits. In this regard, the development and implementation of innovative drugs and wound dressings, purulent and chronic wound treatment methods is an urgent problem of many domestic and foreign researchers. Brown algae are extracted using an alkaline solution to produce the ionic polysaccharide sodium alginate. It still holds one of the top positions among water-soluble polymers of natural origin as a result of various highly useful practical characteristics. Based on alginate hydrogels, it is possible to create new materials for biotechnological, pharmaceutical and medical purposes, as they have high moisture retention capacity, non-toxicity and self-decomposing ability. After reviewing the literature, we concluded that cefepime is a new antibiotic researched for wound dressing using IV generation cephalosporins as an antibacterial agent. It is highly resistant to hydrolysis by most beta-lactamases and quickly penetrates the cells of gram-negative bacteria. Inside the bacterial cell, it targets penicillin-binding proteins. To obtain new derivatives of sodium alginate with special properties, a chemical method, in particular, thiolene reactions, was used. It should be noted that click chemistry refers to a set of chemical reactions for the rapid and reliable synthesis of compounds by the uniform addition of individual components. Thiolene reactions offer significant advantages, includingversatile reaction conditions (including radical reactions and catalytic processes) and the ability to use a wide range of substrates with different unsaturated bonds such as acrylates, methacrylates and ethers. To monitor the rate and efficiency of UV activation, we used a sol-gel assay technique that allowed us to quantify insoluble (spatially cross-linked) and soluble polymers. After UV activation, samples with different ratios of thiol derivative (S-H bond) showed low viscosity, indicating the predominant degradation of polymer molecules in these systems. Since alginate-polymer derivatives primarily exhibit deconstructive behavior, the dominant process in alginate molecules is the breaking of bonds rather than their formation. The size of the gel fraction reflects the efficiency of polymer cross-linking, which in turn affects the efficiency of immobilization of the drug in the hydrogel matrix and its release rate. This study presents an experimental characterization of photocrosslinked hydrogels aimed at evaluating and elucidating the physicochemical and biological properties of the antibiotic cefepime in an alginate polymer. The obtained kinetic parameters of the swelling-dissolving process show that the synthesized alginate hydrogel is capable of providing a diffused and prolonged release of drugs. In addition, the synthesized hydrogel effectively delivers cefepime to the tested bacterial strains, showing high antibacterial activity without toxicity. However, further in vivo studies are needed to evaluate the fate and toxicity of the alginate-based hydrogel before definitive conclusions can be drawn regarding the usefulness of the synthesized drugs. These preliminary results can be the basis for the development of medical products.