Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by abnormal brain neuron activity, predisposing individuals to seizures. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) categorizes epilepsy into the following groups: focal, generalized, generalized and focal, and unknown. Infants are the most vulnerable pediatric group to the condition, with the cause of epilepsy development being attributed to congenital brain developmental defects, white matter damage, intraventricular hemorrhage, perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury, perinatal stroke, or genetic factors such as mutations in the Sodium Channel Protein Type 1 Subunit Alpha (SCN1A) gene. Due to the risks associated with this condition, we have investigated how the latest pharmacological treatments for epilepsy in children impact the reduction or complete elimination of seizures. We reviewed literature from 2018 to 2024, focusing on the age group from 1 month to 18 years old, with some studies including this age group as well as older individuals. The significance of this review is to present and compile research findings on the latest antiseizure drugs (ASDs), their effectiveness, dosing, and adverse effects in the pediatric population, which can contribute to selecting the best drug for a particular patient. The medications described in this review have shown significant efficacy and safety in the studied patient group, outweighing the observed adverse effects. The main aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the current state of knowledge regarding the newest pharmacotherapy for childhood epilepsy.

Introduction and objective: PANDAS (Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections) and PANS (Paediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome) are rare diseases and there is scant information about diagnostic and treatment options. The aim of this...

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Osler–Weber–Rendu disease, is an autosomal dominant vascular disorder caused most commonly by pathogenic variants in the ENG and ACVRL1/ALK1 genes. It is characterized by mucocutaneous telangiectasias and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in various organs, leading to recurrent epistaxis, gastrointestinal bleeding, and iron deficiency anemia. Diagnosis relies on the Curaçao Criteria, which include recurrent nosebleeds, characteristic telangiectasias, visceral AVMs, and family history. This review aims to present current therapeutic approaches and emerging treatment strategies for HHT. Traditional surgical and laser-based methods are increasingly complemented or replaced by targeted pharmacological interventions. Antiangiogenic agents such as bevacizumab and thalidomide have demonstrated efficacy in reducing bleeding frequency and transfusion requirements, although adverse effects may limit long-term use. Novel therapies under investigation target molecular pathways involved in vascular remodeling, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors (sorafenib, nintedanib), anti-ANGPT2 antibodies, and modulators of BMP9/ALK1 signaling (tacrolimus, sirolimus). Preclinical and early clinical studies suggest that these agents may provide disease-modifying benefits. Continued research should focus on optimizing treatment efficacy, reducing toxicity, and developing individualized therapeutic regimens based on genetic and clinical characteristics.

Background: Immunosenescence, or the age-related weakening of the immune system, leads to greater susceptibility to chronic diseases, infections, and metabolic disorders. This process involves changes in the number and function of lymphocytes, increased levels of inflammatory markers, and modifications to the gut microbiome. In recent years, increasing importance has been placed on diet—both functional, rich in bioactive ingredients, and conventional, often pesticide-laden—as a factor modulating immune system aging. Methods: This paper provides a literature review on the effects of dietary components on immunosenescence. Results from 2010 to 2025 and from clinical and experimental studies on substances such as curcumin, butyrate, vitamin D3, omega-3 fatty acids, and conventional products containing pesticides were analyzed. Their impact on the microbiome, intestinal barrier integrity, inflammatory biomarkers, and the overall immune response was considered. Results: Numerous beneficial effects of functional foods were identified. Curcumin increases microbiota diversity and lowers C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) levels. Butyrate supports remission in inflammatory bowel disease by reducing Interleukin (IL) 6 and TNF-α levels. Vitamin D3 lowers inflammatory markers and reduces calprotectin in inflammatory bowel disease. Omega-3 fatty acids modulate microbiome composition and improve lipid profiles. In contrast, conventional foods high in pesticides lead to dysbiosis, intestinal barrier damage, and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions: Diet is a key factor in modulating immunosenescence. Functional foods can support the microbiome and reduce chronic inflammation, while conventional foods may exacerbate the aging process of the immune system. Further clinical research is needed to develop dietary recommendations to support immunity in older adults.

Background: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer and remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality. Advances in molecular diagnostics have led to new therapeutic approaches based on genetic alterations. Objective: To review recent progress in the treatment of NSCLC, including targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and strategies to overcome drug resistance. Methods: Narrative review based on recent literature. No systematic search strategy was applied. Two summary tables present approved therapies for molecular targets and emerging immune-based strategies. Results: Therapies targeting EGFR, ALK, ROS1, MET, RET, KRAS, and NTRK are discussed, as well as the use of checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cells, and bispecific antibodies. Mechanisms of resistance and corresponding therapeutic approaches are reviewed. Some treatment combinations show statistical improvement in progression-free or overall survival, but clinical significance remains to be clarified. Conclusions: Modern NSCLC treatment is increasingly personalized. Molecular profiling guides therapy selection, and novel agents expand options for resistant disease. Further studies should focus on clinical endpoints and optimal treatment combinations.

Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) is a frequent cause of anterior knee pain in active adolescents, typically during rapid growth. It results from repetitive traction of the patellar tendon on the tibial tuberosity, causing inflammation and pain. The condition is usually self-limiting, resolving with skeletal maturity, though symptoms may persist into adulthood. This article provides an overview of OSD, including pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, diagnostic methods, treatment, prognosis, and prevention. A key aspect is differentiating OSD from other causes of anterior knee pain, such as Sinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome, Hoffa's fat pad syndrome, patellar tendon rupture, chondromalacia, tumours, tibial tubercle avulsion, and osteomyelitis. Diagnosis requires clinical evaluation supported by MRI or ultrasound. Studies indicate that risk factors like muscle tightness and altered biomechanics may contribute to OSD. Conservative management is first-line, involving rest, activity modification, cryotherapy, NSAIDs, and physiotherapy. In refractory cases, surgical methods—including arthroscopic or open techniques—may be considered. Novel approaches like platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy and nanoarthroscopy show encouraging outcomes. Prognosis is favourable, with most patients recovering by puberty, though some have persistent pain if diagnosis or treatment is delayed. Preventive strategies include gradual training progression, muscle strengthening and stretching, proper equipment, and monitoring young athletes. This review synthesises current evidence to support clinicians, physiotherapists, and sports medicine professionals in managing OSD.