Background/Objectives: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are the most common cause of non-dental pain in the orofacial region. Due to the complex and multifactorial nature of TMD, a multidisciplinary approach is often required. The objective of this narrative review is to evaluate the effectiveness of multimodal therapies in the management of TMD. Methods: A literature search was performed using a combination of keywords: “TMD”, “TMJ”, “disorders”, “manual therapy”, “physical therapy”, “dry needling”, “botulinum toxin”, “Botox”, “splint”, and “psychotherapy”. The search was conducted in the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases, focusing on studies involving human subjects. Results: The included studies reported that the use of multimodal approaches—such as physiotherapy, botulinum toxin injections, occlusal splints, and/or psychotherapy—led to symptom improvement or complete resolution in patients with TMD. Conclusions: Temporomandibular disorders are complex conditions with a multifactorial etiology involving both somatic and psychological components. Given the wide range of symptoms and the functional connections of the temporomandibular joint with the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems—including the cervical spine—effective treatment of TMD requires a multidisciplinary strategy.

Bruxism has been defined in recent years and analyzed in detail as the repetitive activity of the muscles of the masticatory system. Both adults and children experience two different forms of bruxism: daytime and nighttime bruxism. According to the WHO, bruxism affects 5% to 50% of the world’s pediatric population. The symptoms of this disease include tooth wear and fractures, temporomandibular disorders, headaches, behavioral and sleep disorders, and parafunctional habits such as nail biting. According to scientists, psychosocial factors are the most likely factors causing bruxism in children. To this day, we do not have established standards of treatment for children, especially for those with disabilities. The issue of bruxism in children with Down syndrome (DS) is still unexplained. Anatomical abnormalities in the facial skeleton, reduced muscle tone, personality traits, and sleep problems in these people may cause the symptoms of bruxism. Our study aimed to present a clinical case of a 13-year-old girl with DS and symptoms of bruxism. Diagnostics and dental examination in children with intellectual disabilities and a lack of understanding of the disease create a great challenge for the treatment team, including the dentist, physiotherapist, psychologist, and family. Creating standards for treating and preventing bruxism symptoms is demanding, among other things, due to the lack of sufficient scientific research.

Introduction: Lower limb injuries are major problems in team sports, especially among female players. The study aimed to investigate how lower limb injury history compared to no history of injuries affects unilateral and bilateral jumping performance in female basketball players. Additionally, knee and ankle mobility were investigated. Material and methods: Twenty-one female basketball players participated in this study: 12 players from the elite level and 9 from the university team. There were 21 limbs with an injury history of knee or ankle sprain. Two jumping tests were conducted: a two-leg countermovement jump (CMJ) without arm swing, and a series of single-leg jumps within 15 seconds. Parameters of jumps were detected and measured using the optical measuring system. Injury history was investigated using a survey. Results: Elite players had a greater CMJ height, specific and total energy, active knee extension and smaller ankle dorsiflexion than university players. No significant differences were found between knee and ankle injuries in terms of the parameters of CMJ and single-leg jumps or range of motion. There were significant correlations between the frequency of jumps (r = − 0.66, p = 0.001), total energy (r = 0.55, p = 0.009), contact time (r = 0.49, p = 0.02), height (r = 0.46, p = 0.03) and the time elapsed since the injury. Conclusions: Coaches and physiotherapists should consider the connection between time elapsed since the injury and jumping performance when evaluating female basketball players' abilities and risk factors for re-injury.

Aim: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition associated with oral microbiome dysbiosis and the dominance of Gram-negative bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. It is characterized by progressive destruction of the supporting tissues of the tooth, leading to loss of connective tissue attachment, resorption of the alveolar bone, and, consequently to tooth loosening and loss. If left untreated, it leads to recurrent bacteremia and persistent systemic inflammation. The aim of this study is to discuss the mechanisms linking periodontitis to cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Materials and methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted examining clinical studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses assessing the impact of periodontal disease on the development of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Conclusion: Chronic activation of the immune response, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism disorders promote endothelial dysfunction and the progression of atherosclerosis, increasing the risk of cardiovascular events. At the same time, systemic inflammation can affect the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and exacerbate neuroinflammatory processes, promoting β-amyloid accumulation and the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Analysis of the literature indicates the significant, albeit complex, nature of these relationships, emphasizing the importance of prevention and treatment of periodontal disease as part of comprehensive patient care. The key in the approach to periodontal patients is an interdisciplinary perspective, integrating dentistry, cardiology, neurology, and geriatrics.

Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma and sarcoma are malignant tumours, which can appear in different parts of the body. Spindle cell carcinoma (SCC), in terms of histopathology, is a type of cancer that has both spindle cell carcinoma and sarcoma features. Case Report: The case is...

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the differences between the foot contact area and the distribution of plantar pressure between patients with different subtypes of temporomandibular disorders and asymptomatic individuals.Material and methods: A total of 48 patients with temporomandibular disorders (17 with disc disorders subtype; 14 with myofascial subtype; 17 with mixed diagnosis) and 33 asymptomatic subjects (control group) diagnosed by Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders were perform posturography examination using FreeMED MAXI ground reaction force platform (Sensor Medica; Guidonia Montecelio, Roma, Italia) under different mandibular conditions (rest position, clenching, clenching on cotton rolls). The following parameters were used for statistical analysis: percentage distribution of plantar pressure (left/right foot and forefoot/backfoot) and foot contact area.Results: Changes in foot posture parameters are visible in both patients with temporomandibular disorders and in the control group, under different visual and mandibular conditions.Conclusions: The findings suggest a clear necessity for higher-quality studies with larger sample sizes.