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Janez Sušnik
Land and Water Management Department, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, 2601DA Delft, the Netherlands

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Preprint content
Published: 03 March 2021
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The water-energy-food-land-climate nexus sectors interact in a complex system operating on many scales. Better understanding this system, and its response to change (e.g. climate change, policy implementation) is urgently required, yet little progress has been made on integrating real policy objectives into nexus models to assess potential nexus-wide impacts of policy decisions. Given current concerns on resource scarcity, and on the growing appreciation of how connected the sectors are, under-standing how the implementation of policy objectives in one area will impact (1) other nexus sectors and (2) potential future system behaviour, is becoming vitally important. Despite this, little progress has been towards such an understanding. In this work, a fully integrated system dynamics model of the water-energy-food-land-climate nexus in Latvia is presented. The model couples all the nexus sectors in a feedback driven modelling framework. Latvia is represented in five distinct yet inter-acting regions, allowing finer scale interrogation of results and policy implications. In addition, real Latvian policies are integrated within various nexus sectors (e.g. a policy to improve crop yields or to expand agricultural lands at the expense of other land use types). Due to the integrated nature of the model, executing any policy will not only have an impact within the policy sector (e.g. water), but the nexus-wide impacts can also be determined (e.g. on GHG emissions). Results show that due to the inter-connectedness, impacts range far more widely than may be anticipated. For example, implementing policies to achieve goals related to cereal land coverage in Latvia prevents the attainment of policy goals relating to emissions reductions. As such, synergies can be identified and harnessed, while trade-offs can be avoided. Policy can then be (re-)designed to maximise nexus-wide benefits. This work is carried out in the framework of the H2020 project SIM4NEXUS, which will deliver 10 more such models exploring the policy impacts on the nexus at different scales (sub-national to European). As such, the work starts to fill a crucial academic and applied knowledge gap: how policies designed for a single sector have impacts that ripple throughout the entire nexus. As such, guidelines for more intelligent policy design can start to be formulated, something that is lacking in current nexus research.

ACS Style

Janez Susnik; Sara Masia; Daina Indriksone; Ingrida Bremere; Lydia Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia; Floor Brouwer. Integrated system dynamics modelling of the water-energy-food-land-climate nexus in Latvia: exploring the impact of policy measures in a nexus-wide context. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Janez Susnik, Sara Masia, Daina Indriksone, Ingrida Bremere, Lydia Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia, Floor Brouwer. Integrated system dynamics modelling of the water-energy-food-land-climate nexus in Latvia: exploring the impact of policy measures in a nexus-wide context. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Janez Susnik; Sara Masia; Daina Indriksone; Ingrida Bremere; Lydia Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia; Floor Brouwer. 2021. "Integrated system dynamics modelling of the water-energy-food-land-climate nexus in Latvia: exploring the impact of policy measures in a nexus-wide context." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 13 February 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus is a complex system operating at many scales, the importance of which is increasingly recognized in academia and policy. There are calls to expand the nexus to include land and climate (WEFLC) as well as to narrow the science-policy divide, implying conducting assessments at policy-relevant scales to assess the impacts of policy objectives. This paper presents a national-scale WEFLC nexus system dynamics modelling assessment for Latvia. Qualitative and quantitative assessment was performed with local stakeholders to validate model structure, data, results, and to gather information on Latvian policy objectives and implement them in the model as potential future policies. Under baseline conditions (i.e. without implementing goal-specific policies under shared socio-economic pathway 2), results indicate a levelling off of consumption by 2050 while production of food products and energy is expected to increase. Nitrogen losses and climate emissions increase, going against policy targets. Implementation of indicative policies has desired impacts within their given sector, but may lead to trade-offs in others. Implementing multiple policies simultaneously may augment or hinder progress towards objectives due to system interconnectedness. Therefore, when choosing which policies to implement, cross-sectoral implications must be carefully considered. This work offers insight for policy and decision making in Latvia, hinting at policy options to pursue, and highlighting those to avoid. This study offers suggestions for closing the science-policy divide including the use of visual serious game environments for results interpretation, the use of selected indicators for nexus performance assessment, and close stakeholder engagement throughout a project.

ACS Style

Janez Sušnik; Sara Masia; Daina Indriksone; Ingrīda Brēmere; Lydia Vamvakeridou-Lydroudia. System dynamics modelling to explore the impacts of policies on the water-energy-food-land-climate nexus in Latvia. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 775, 145827 .

AMA Style

Janez Sušnik, Sara Masia, Daina Indriksone, Ingrīda Brēmere, Lydia Vamvakeridou-Lydroudia. System dynamics modelling to explore the impacts of policies on the water-energy-food-land-climate nexus in Latvia. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 775 ():145827.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Janez Sušnik; Sara Masia; Daina Indriksone; Ingrīda Brēmere; Lydia Vamvakeridou-Lydroudia. 2021. "System dynamics modelling to explore the impacts of policies on the water-energy-food-land-climate nexus in Latvia." Science of The Total Environment 775, no. : 145827.

Review
Published: 10 February 2021 in Sustainability
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This paper presents knowledge gaps and critiques on the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus that have emerged since the concept of the WEF nexus was proposed by the World Economic Forum and the Bonn 2011 Conference. Furthermore, this study analyses current innovations on the WEF nexus concept, applications, and impacts during the period of 2012–2020. This begins by reviewing ten WEF nexus frameworks developed by international organizations and researchers. On this basis, several gaps and omissions in nexus frameworks are obvious in almost all developed frameworks. Studies that start to address some of these gaps are analysed, but they are relatively few and do not address all gaps. Several proposed improvements to nexus frameworks are identified to narrow the gaps and put the concept into practical implementation in WEF resources management and governance. Four principles and the perspective of “from local to global” for future WEF nexus framework development and analysis are suggested to ensure that the security of water, energy, and food resources can be achieved sustainably in local communities. This will improve the impact of national and global ambitions on WEF security.

ACS Style

Aries Purwanto; Janez Sušnik; Franciscus Suryadi; Charlotte Fraiture. Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Critical Review, Practical Applications, and Prospects for Future Research. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1919 .

AMA Style

Aries Purwanto, Janez Sušnik, Franciscus Suryadi, Charlotte Fraiture. Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Critical Review, Practical Applications, and Prospects for Future Research. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):1919.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aries Purwanto; Janez Sušnik; Franciscus Suryadi; Charlotte Fraiture. 2021. "Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Critical Review, Practical Applications, and Prospects for Future Research." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 1919.

Journal article
Published: 04 December 2020 in Atmosphere
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Globally, freshwater resources are threatened, resulting in challenges for urban water supply and management. Climate change, population growth, and urbanization have only exacerbated this crisis. For the Caribbean, climate change through the impact of increasing temperatures and rainfall variability has resulted in more frequent and intense episodes of disasters including droughts and floods which have impaired the quantity and quality of freshwater supplies. Using Caribbean-specific climate forecasting, it is shown that rainfall totals in Kingston, Jamaica, are expected to reduce by 2030 and 2050 under two RCPs. In addition, the timing of the primary rainy season is expected to shift, potentially impacting water supply security. Analysis of the potential of rainwater harvesting (RWH) to augment supply and enhance water supply resilience shows that in two communities studied in Kingston, it can contribute up to 7% of total water supply. Household storage requirements are about 1 m3 per household, which is feasible. RWH offers the potential to contribute to climate change adaptation and mitigation measures at a household level. Policy, incentives, and increased awareness about the potential of RWH to meet non-potable household demand in Kingston must be improved, as well as efforts to reduce the currently unreasonably high levels of non-revenue water in order to move towards an integrated, sustainable, and climate-resilient urban water supply strategy for the city.

ACS Style

Danneille Townsend; Janez Sušnik; Pieter Der Zaag. Domestic Water Supply Vulnerability to Climate Change and the Role of Alternative Water Sources in Kingston, Jamaica. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 1314 .

AMA Style

Danneille Townsend, Janez Sušnik, Pieter Der Zaag. Domestic Water Supply Vulnerability to Climate Change and the Role of Alternative Water Sources in Kingston, Jamaica. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (12):1314.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Danneille Townsend; Janez Sušnik; Pieter Der Zaag. 2020. "Domestic Water Supply Vulnerability to Climate Change and the Role of Alternative Water Sources in Kingston, Jamaica." Atmosphere 11, no. 12: 1314.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2020 in Sustainable Cities and Society
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Urbanisation is increasing in many countries, leading to the establishment of 33 megacities, representing huge water demand which is increasingly difficult to supply, exemplified by the recently avoided Day Zero event in Cape Town (2018) and the ongoing water crisis in Chennai, India. The ongoing growth of megacities could lead to the potential for further Day Zero events in countries ill-equipped to deal with such a situation. This study analyses the water supply and demand situations in 12 megacities hosting 194 million people. Water demand outstrips supply in 11 of the cities, with a supply deficit of 5.27 billion m3. Physical water losses amount to 4.7 billion m3, enough to supply almost 100 million people with 135 L day−1. Population projections suggest demand increases up to 39 % from the present day. It is posited that future Day Zero events may be demand driven rather than climatologically supply driven. To avoid devastating Day Zero events, strict demand management is required, together with governance reforms, investment strategies for infrastructure, and supply augmentation. Hypothetical analysis shows that demand reduction measures are more effective than reducing water losses in closing deficits. Both measures must be considered to ensure the sustainability of global megacities.

ACS Style

Mohammad Sadeq Ahmadi; Janez Sušnik; William Veerbeek; Chris Zevenbergen. Towards a global day zero? Assessment of current and future water supply and demand in 12 rapidly developing megacities. Sustainable Cities and Society 2020, 61, 102295 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Sadeq Ahmadi, Janez Sušnik, William Veerbeek, Chris Zevenbergen. Towards a global day zero? Assessment of current and future water supply and demand in 12 rapidly developing megacities. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2020; 61 ():102295.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Sadeq Ahmadi; Janez Sušnik; William Veerbeek; Chris Zevenbergen. 2020. "Towards a global day zero? Assessment of current and future water supply and demand in 12 rapidly developing megacities." Sustainable Cities and Society 61, no. : 102295.

Journal article
Published: 17 November 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
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Water scarcity exacerbated by growing demand in different sectors has created environmental, social, and economic challenges in the Urmia Lake Basin, Iran. Tackling this problem requires an integrated approach considering the basin as an interconnected system where a change in one sector affects others. Here, a System Dynamics Model is developed to simulate the water-energy-food nexus in the Urmia Lake Basin as a holistic multi-sectoral system and to assess the impacts of proposed lake restoration measures, especially looking for trade-offs. Besides considering climate change impacts, the effect of different sets of measures including increasing irrigation efficiency, increasing return flows, inter-basin water transfers, crop land retirement, and reviving a portion of the lake on the natural resources and socio-economic state of the basin are analysed. Results show that Urmia Lake level is sensitive to climate change scenarios. A holistic restoration approach could be effective in increasing the lake level to the proposed ecological level by 2040. However, in doing so, electricity demand in the agricultural sector could grow significantly. It is shown that a 20% retirement of irrigated wheat lands to curb water demand, if coupled with a 20% increase in yield on 80% and 50% of irrigated and rain-fed fields respectively, will not reduce wheat production in the basin. The effectiveness of water demand management measures is highly dependent on continuous monitoring and enforcement, particularly in restricting growth in agricultural water consumption. This study considered all nexus sectors in a holistic way to assess the total impact of proposed measures which on paper look positive, but may have unexpected consequences such as increasing energy demand for electric pumps. In dialogue with Urmia Lake restoration practitioners, this work can feed in to inform effective decisions for the restoration of Urmia Lake.

ACS Style

Elham Bakhshianlamouki; Sara Masia; Poolad Karimi; Pieter van der Zaag; Janez Sušnik. A system dynamics model to quantify the impacts of restoration measures on the water-energy-food nexus in the Urmia lake Basin, Iran. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 708, 134874 .

AMA Style

Elham Bakhshianlamouki, Sara Masia, Poolad Karimi, Pieter van der Zaag, Janez Sušnik. A system dynamics model to quantify the impacts of restoration measures on the water-energy-food nexus in the Urmia lake Basin, Iran. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 708 ():134874.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elham Bakhshianlamouki; Sara Masia; Poolad Karimi; Pieter van der Zaag; Janez Sušnik. 2019. "A system dynamics model to quantify the impacts of restoration measures on the water-energy-food nexus in the Urmia lake Basin, Iran." Science of The Total Environment 708, no. : 134874.

Journal article
Published: 25 December 2018 in Water
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Water security is a global concern because of the growing impact of human activities and climate change on water resources. Studies had been performed at global, country, and city level to assess the water security issues. However, assessment of water security at a domestic scale is lacking. This paper develops a new domestic water security assessment framework accounting for water supply, sanitation, and hygiene through twelve indicators. Water supply, sanitation, and hygiene are central to key water-related sustainable development goals. The framework is subsequently applied to the city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. From the domestic water security assessment of Addis Ababa, the water supply dimension was found to be of good level, whereas the sanitation and hygiene dimensions were of poor and fair level, respectively, indicating both a challenge and an opportunity for development. Because the analysis is spatially explicit at the city-branch level (in Addis), variation in domestic water security performance across Addis Ababa can be assessed, allowing efficient targeting of scant resources (financial, technical, personnel). Analysis further shows that a lack of institutional capacity within the utility, existing infrastructure leading to ‘lock-in’ and hindering maintenance and upgrade initiatives, and an unreliable power supply are the main issues leading to poor domestic water security in the study city. These areas should be tackled to improve the current situation and mitigate future problems. The developed framework is generic enough to be applied to other urban and peri-urban areas, yet provides planners and policy makers with specific information on domestic water security considering water supply, sanitation and hygiene, and accounting for within-city variability. This work could therefore have practical applicability for water service providers.

ACS Style

Yonas T. Assefa; Mukand S. Babel; Janez Sušnik; Victor R. Shinde. Development of a Generic Domestic Water Security Index, and Its Application in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Water 2018, 11, 37 .

AMA Style

Yonas T. Assefa, Mukand S. Babel, Janez Sušnik, Victor R. Shinde. Development of a Generic Domestic Water Security Index, and Its Application in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Water. 2018; 11 (1):37.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yonas T. Assefa; Mukand S. Babel; Janez Sušnik; Victor R. Shinde. 2018. "Development of a Generic Domestic Water Security Index, and Its Application in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Water 11, no. 1: 37.

Conference paper
Published: 20 September 2018
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Increased drought risk in Southern Europe is expected due to changing rainfall patterns and increasing evapotranspiration. Water availability is crucial in semi-arid Mediterranean countries, where irrigation is essential for crop production.In this work, irrigated agriculture vulnerability of three Sardinian irrigation districts and their associated reservoirs is assessed. The simultaneous impact of climate change on water inflow to the reservoir, open surface evaporation, and water supply is evaluated and then integrated into indicators. Vulnerability Index is calculated to define future reservoir adequacy in guaranteeing irrigated crops. The analysis is conducted by comparing the baseline (1976-2005) with the future (2036-2065) climate under RCP 4.5 and 8.5. The Simulation of Evapotranspiration of Applied Water model is incorporated into a GIS platform to compute crop irrigation demand. Changes in water inflow to reservoirs and evaporation losses are estimated. Results show a decreasing resilience and increasing vulnerability of irrigated agriculture under climate change in each case study. The highest resilience is estimated in Monte Pranu and Stretta di Calamaiu reservoir while the highest vulnerability in the Cuga-Alto Temo system. Climate change may only partially affect irrigation in resilient systems, where storage capacity and water entering into the reservoir is higher than water outflow.

ACS Style

Sara Masia; Janez Sušnik; Serena Marras; Simone Mereu; Donatella Spano; Antonio Trabucco. Impact of Climate Change on Irrigated Agriculture in Sardinia Region. 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Sara Masia, Janez Sušnik, Serena Marras, Simone Mereu, Donatella Spano, Antonio Trabucco. Impact of Climate Change on Irrigated Agriculture in Sardinia Region. . 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara Masia; Janez Sušnik; Serena Marras; Simone Mereu; Donatella Spano; Antonio Trabucco. 2018. "Impact of Climate Change on Irrigated Agriculture in Sardinia Region." , no. : 1.

Conference paper
Published: 19 September 2018
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Water, land, food, energy, and climate are all interconnected, comprising a coherent system (the ‘Nexus’), dominated by complexity and feedback. The interactions between these different nexus components and their responses to climate change conditions are complicated as each feedback into the other. Consequently future policies should take into account the whole Nexus, when it comes to ascertain their long term impact on the system. This paper presents the conception of a System Dynamic Model (SDM) representing the Nexus, populating it with data from various sources (including output from specific thematic models covering different Nexus components), under different climate change and socioeconomic pathway scenarios. The SDM is then converted into R scripting to be included in the Knowledge Elicitation Engine (KEE) communicating with a Serious Game (SG). Models and games are built specifically for ten Case Studies, at regional, national, continental and global level. The SG is being developed for decision making for local stakeholders to study and get acquainted to long term impacts of different policies on the Nexus. In this paper the regional Case Study of Sardinia is presented as proof of concept.

ACS Style

Barry Evans; Lydia Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia; Janez Susnik; Antonio Trabucco; Simone Mereu; Xavier Domingo Albin; Chengzi Chew; Dragan Savic. SIM4NEXUS – Coupling a System Dynamic Model with Serious Gaming for Policy Analysis. 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Barry Evans, Lydia Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia, Janez Susnik, Antonio Trabucco, Simone Mereu, Xavier Domingo Albin, Chengzi Chew, Dragan Savic. SIM4NEXUS – Coupling a System Dynamic Model with Serious Gaming for Policy Analysis. . 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barry Evans; Lydia Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia; Janez Susnik; Antonio Trabucco; Simone Mereu; Xavier Domingo Albin; Chengzi Chew; Dragan Savic. 2018. "SIM4NEXUS – Coupling a System Dynamic Model with Serious Gaming for Policy Analysis." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 13 August 2018 in Sustainable Production and Consumption
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Water, energy, and food (WEF) related sectors are important to support people’s life in a region. Resource evaluation is one of the stages in resource management to ensure that the existence of those sectors is provided sustainably. The assessment of the agglomeration level and growth of each sector in economic development can give better insights for local stakeholders either government bodies or private firms to improve sustainable management of these sectors. The objectives of this paper are to portray the agglomeration level and recent growth of WEF related sectors in local regions in Indonesia, and to determine possible sustainable development strategies. The location quotient (LQ) and competitive position (CP) analysis methods are employed in this regard. By analysing Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) between 2000 and 2015, basic and non-basic sectors have been determined. Results show that the general characteristics of WEF related sectors in this region can be distinguished clearly based on its main economic development focus. Results show recent growth in WEF sectors locally, from which possible strategies for future sustainable development are formulated that could be considered in the evaluation and planning process. This approach can be expected to assist local government and stakeholders in undertaking preliminary evaluation, in particular the availability of WEF resources, ensuring that development meets local and national sustainable development targets.

ACS Style

Aries Purwanto; Janez Sušnik; F.X. Suryadi; Charlotte de Fraiture. Determining strategies for water, energy, and food-related sectors in local economic development. Sustainable Production and Consumption 2018, 16, 162 -175.

AMA Style

Aries Purwanto, Janez Sušnik, F.X. Suryadi, Charlotte de Fraiture. Determining strategies for water, energy, and food-related sectors in local economic development. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2018; 16 ():162-175.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aries Purwanto; Janez Sušnik; F.X. Suryadi; Charlotte de Fraiture. 2018. "Determining strategies for water, energy, and food-related sectors in local economic development." Sustainable Production and Consumption 16, no. : 162-175.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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ACS Style

Janez Sušnik. Data-driven quantification of the global water-energy-food system. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2018, 133, 179 -190.

AMA Style

Janez Sušnik. Data-driven quantification of the global water-energy-food system. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2018; 133 ():179-190.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Janez Sušnik. 2018. "Data-driven quantification of the global water-energy-food system." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 133, no. : 179-190.

Journal article
Published: 11 April 2018 in Journal of Water and Climate Change
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Growing water demand poses a challenge for supply. Poor understanding of alternative sources can hamper plans for addressing water scarcity and supply resilience. The potential of three alternative supply systems in Lilongwe, Malawi and Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt are compared using a fast, data-light assessment approach. Lilongwe water supply is based on unsustainable use of source water, while Sharm depends primarily on desalination. Both locations experience shortages due to poor system performance and service inequity. Alternative supply systems are shown to potentially contribute to supply augmentation/diversification, improving service and system resilience. There are considerable seasonal variations to consider, especially regarding storage of water. Social preferences could limit the uptake/demand for alternative water. One important conclusion is the value in addressing public perceptions of alternative systems, and assessing water end use in order to site systems appropriately. Other issues surround financing, encouraging uptake and addressing institutional/governance aspects surrounding equitable distribution. A further consideration is whether demand reductions might yield shorter-term improvements in performance without the need to institute potentially expensive alternative water strategies. Reducing non-revenue water is a priority. Such measures should be undertaken with alternative supply enhancement to reduce inequity of supply, improve system performance and increase resilience to future changes.

ACS Style

Osman Jussah; Mohamed O. M. Orabi; Janez Sušnik; Françoise Bichai; Chris Zevenbergen. Assessment of the potential contribution of alternative water supply systems in two contrasting locations: Lilongwe, Malawi and Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt. Journal of Water and Climate Change 2018, 11, 130 -149.

AMA Style

Osman Jussah, Mohamed O. M. Orabi, Janez Sušnik, Françoise Bichai, Chris Zevenbergen. Assessment of the potential contribution of alternative water supply systems in two contrasting locations: Lilongwe, Malawi and Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt. Journal of Water and Climate Change. 2018; 11 (1):130-149.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Osman Jussah; Mohamed O. M. Orabi; Janez Sušnik; Françoise Bichai; Chris Zevenbergen. 2018. "Assessment of the potential contribution of alternative water supply systems in two contrasting locations: Lilongwe, Malawi and Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt." Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, no. 1: 130-149.

Journal article
Published: 15 February 2018 in Water
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Climate change in Mediterranean countries is anticipated to have a strong impact on water availability by exacerbating drought conditions and water scarcity. In this context, efficient irrigation practices are becoming essential for sustaining crop production. This work assesses vulnerability of irrigated agriculture for six irrigation districts and their associated reservoirs in Mediterranean areas across Italy under climate change (1976–2005 versus 2036–2065; RCP 4.5 and 8.5), evaluating changes in irrigation requirements, evaporation from reservoirs, and the availability of freshwater supplies. Irrigation requirements are estimated through a crop water model (SIMETAW_R) integrated into a GIS platform, while inflows to reservoirs are hydrologically modelled as partitioning of precipitation contributing to runoff. Results are aggregated into indicators that show the general decreasing resilience and increasing vulnerability of irrigated agriculture under climate change conditions in each case study. The highest percentage of allowable water losses for irrigation is estimated in the Cuga-Alto Temo system, during the prolonged drought period, to be able to satisfy irrigation demand for less than a year. Climate change may only partially affect irrigation in resilient systems, in which storage capacity and the water level entering into the reservoir are considerably higher than the water distribution volumes.

ACS Style

Sara Masia; Janez Sušnik; Serena Marras; Simone Mereu; Donatella Spano; Antonio Trabucco. Assessment of Irrigated Agriculture Vulnerability under Climate Change in Southern Italy. Water 2018, 10, 209 .

AMA Style

Sara Masia, Janez Sušnik, Serena Marras, Simone Mereu, Donatella Spano, Antonio Trabucco. Assessment of Irrigated Agriculture Vulnerability under Climate Change in Southern Italy. Water. 2018; 10 (2):209.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara Masia; Janez Sušnik; Serena Marras; Simone Mereu; Donatella Spano; Antonio Trabucco. 2018. "Assessment of Irrigated Agriculture Vulnerability under Climate Change in Southern Italy." Water 10, no. 2: 209.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2018 in Water
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Water, energy, food, land and climate form a tightly-connected nexus in which actions on one sector impact other sectors, creating feedbacks and unanticipated consequences. This is especially because at present, much scientific research and many policies are constrained to single discipline/sector silos that are often not interacting (e.g., water-related research/policy). However, experimenting with the interaction and determining how a change in one sector could impact another may require unreasonable time frames, be very difficult in practice and may be potentially dangerous, triggering any one of a number of unanticipated side-effects. Current modelling often neglects knowledge from practice. Therefore, a safe environment is required to test the potential cross-sectoral implications of policy decisions in one sector on other sectors. Serious games offer such an environment by creating realistic ‘simulations’, where long-term impacts of policies may be tested and rated. This paper describes how the ongoing (2016–2020) Horizon2020 project SIM4NEXUS will develop serious games investigating potential plausible cross-nexus implications and synergies due to policy interventions for 12 multi-scale case studies ranging from regional to global. What sets these games apart is that stakeholders and partners are involved in all aspects of the modelling definition and process, from case study conceptualisation, quantitative model development including the implementation and validation of each serious game. Learning from playing a serious game is justified by adopting a proof-of-concept for a specific regional case study in Sardinia (Italy). The value of multi-stakeholder involvement is demonstrated, and critical lessons learned for serious game development in general are presented.

ACS Style

Janez Sušnik; Chengzi Chew; Xavier Domingo; Simone Mereu; Antonio Trabucco; Barry Evans; Lydia Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia; Dragan A. Savić; Chrysi Laspidou; Floor Brouwer. Multi-Stakeholder Development of a Serious Game to Explore the Water-Energy-Food-Land-Climate Nexus: The SIM4NEXUS Approach. Water 2018, 10, 139 .

AMA Style

Janez Sušnik, Chengzi Chew, Xavier Domingo, Simone Mereu, Antonio Trabucco, Barry Evans, Lydia Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia, Dragan A. Savić, Chrysi Laspidou, Floor Brouwer. Multi-Stakeholder Development of a Serious Game to Explore the Water-Energy-Food-Land-Climate Nexus: The SIM4NEXUS Approach. Water. 2018; 10 (2):139.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Janez Sušnik; Chengzi Chew; Xavier Domingo; Simone Mereu; Antonio Trabucco; Barry Evans; Lydia Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia; Dragan A. Savić; Chrysi Laspidou; Floor Brouwer. 2018. "Multi-Stakeholder Development of a Serious Game to Explore the Water-Energy-Food-Land-Climate Nexus: The SIM4NEXUS Approach." Water 10, no. 2: 139.

Proceedings
Published: 01 January 2018 in Proceedings
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Land, food, energy, water and climate are linked and interconnected into a Nexus, characterized by complexity and feedbacks. An integrated management of the Nexus is critical to understand conflicts/synergies and secure efficient and sustainable use of resources, especially under climate change. The Nexus perspective is applied to Sardinia, as regional case study, to better understand and improve integrated resource management and relevant policy initiatives. Vulnerability of Sardinia Nexus is assessed under several climate projections by articulated balances of resources (water, energy) availability and sustainable development goals, at regional and sub-regional scales, accounting for demands and conflicts among key economic sectors (agriculture, hydro-power, tourism).

ACS Style

Antonio Trabucco; Janez Sušnik; Lydia Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia; Barry Evans; Sara Masia; Maria Blanco; Roberto Roson; Martina Sartori; Eva Alexandri; Floor Brouwer; Donatella Spano; Alfonso Damiano; Andrea Virdis; Giovanni Sistu; Daniele Pulino; Vania Statzu; Fabio Madau; Elisabetta Strazzera; Simone Mereu. Water-Food-Energy Nexus under Climate Change in Sardinia. Proceedings 2018, 2, 609 .

AMA Style

Antonio Trabucco, Janez Sušnik, Lydia Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia, Barry Evans, Sara Masia, Maria Blanco, Roberto Roson, Martina Sartori, Eva Alexandri, Floor Brouwer, Donatella Spano, Alfonso Damiano, Andrea Virdis, Giovanni Sistu, Daniele Pulino, Vania Statzu, Fabio Madau, Elisabetta Strazzera, Simone Mereu. Water-Food-Energy Nexus under Climate Change in Sardinia. Proceedings. 2018; 2 (11):609.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Trabucco; Janez Sušnik; Lydia Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia; Barry Evans; Sara Masia; Maria Blanco; Roberto Roson; Martina Sartori; Eva Alexandri; Floor Brouwer; Donatella Spano; Alfonso Damiano; Andrea Virdis; Giovanni Sistu; Daniele Pulino; Vania Statzu; Fabio Madau; Elisabetta Strazzera; Simone Mereu. 2018. "Water-Food-Energy Nexus under Climate Change in Sardinia." Proceedings 2, no. 11: 609.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2017 in Science of The Total Environment
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Global urbanisation will put considerable stress on both water and energy resources. While there is much research at the national and regional levels on the energy implications of water supply (the urban water-energy 'nexus'), there is relatively little at the city scale. This literature is further diminished when attempting to account for the climate impact of urban water systems. A study of the urban water-energy-climate nexus is presented for México City. It is shown that 50% of México City water comes from a local aquifer with a further 30% deriving from energy-intensive surface sources which are pumped over considerable topography. The water supply system consumes 90% of the water system energy demand, and is responsible for the majority (90%) of the COe emissions. In the wastewater sector, 80-90% is discharged with no or little treatment, with correspondingly low energy demand. The small fraction that is treated accounts for the majority of energy use in the wastewater sector. This study shows the uncertainty in energy demand and COe emissions when reliant on secondary data which considerably over/under-estimate energy use compared with primary data. This has implications when assessing energy and carbon budgets. Three water savings options are assessed for their impact on energy and COe emissions reductions. Considerable reductions in water supply volumes and concomitant energy consumption and COe emissions are possible. However the extent of implementation, and the effectiveness of any implemented solutions depend on financing, institutional backing and public support. An additional measure to reduce the climate impact is to switch from traditional to renewable fuels. This work adds city-level quantification of the urban water-energy-climate nexus, allowing policy makers to discern which water-system elements are responsible for the greatest energy use and climate impact, and are better equipped to make targeted operational decisions.

ACS Style

Adrián Moredia Valek; Janez Sušnik; Stelios Grafakos. Quantification of the urban water-energy nexus in México City, México, with an assessment of water-system related carbon emissions. Science of The Total Environment 2017, 590-591, 258 -268.

AMA Style

Adrián Moredia Valek, Janez Sušnik, Stelios Grafakos. Quantification of the urban water-energy nexus in México City, México, with an assessment of water-system related carbon emissions. Science of The Total Environment. 2017; 590-591 ():258-268.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adrián Moredia Valek; Janez Sušnik; Stelios Grafakos. 2017. "Quantification of the urban water-energy nexus in México City, México, with an assessment of water-system related carbon emissions." Science of The Total Environment 590-591, no. : 258-268.

Articles
Published: 01 January 2017 in Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja
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Human development is increasingly on global policy agendas, in particular related to the Sustainable Development Goals. Here, the UN Human Development Index is analysed for correlation and causation with economic and resource parameters using novel quantitative techniques. Global datasets at national resolution are used to explore correlation and causation with the HDI. The whole HDI is not correlated to national totals of wealth or resource use, but is strongly correlated to personal wealth and resource use. The multi-spatial convergence cross mapping method is adapted to shed light on causation in this system. It is shown that the HDI is tightly linked to the economy and to personal resource use. Analysis of the HDI sub-indices reveals subtleties easily overlooked. For example, it is shown that access to water and electricity strongly influence GNI. It is shown that simple resource accumulation/exploitation is less important in determining HDI growth than personal wealth and access to resources. That is, equitable distribution is more effective than gross accumulation in influencing the HDI. Strong feedback means that investments in water treatment and distribution networks, for example, will have strong effects on HDI change, a conclusion that may play an important role in national developmental policy debate.

ACS Style

Janez Sušnik; Pieter van der Zaag. Correlation and causation between the UN Human Development Index and national and personal wealth and resource exploitation. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 2017, 30, 1705 -1723.

AMA Style

Janez Sušnik, Pieter van der Zaag. Correlation and causation between the UN Human Development Index and national and personal wealth and resource exploitation. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja. 2017; 30 (1):1705-1723.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Janez Sušnik; Pieter van der Zaag. 2017. "Correlation and causation between the UN Human Development Index and national and personal wealth and resource exploitation." Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 30, no. 1: 1705-1723.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2016 in Science of The Total Environment
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Copyright © 2015 Elsevier. NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Science of the Total Environment. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Science of the Total Environment (2015), DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.066Many (semi-) arid locations globally, and particularly islands, rely heavily on reservoirs for water supply. Some reservoirs are particularly vulnerable to climate and development changes (e.g. population change, tourist growth, hydropower demands). Irregularities and uncertainties in the fluvial regime associated with climate change and the continuous increase in water demand by different sectors will add new challenges to the management and to the resilience of these reservoirs. The resilience of vulnerable reservoirs must be studied in detail to prepare for and mitigate potential impacts of these changes. In this paper, a reservoir balance model is developed and presented for the Pedra e' Othoni reservoir in Sardinia, Italy, to assess resilience to climate and development changes. The model was first calibrated and validated, then forced with extensive ensemble climate data for representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5, agricultural data, and with four socio-economic development scenarios. Future projections show a reduction in annual reservoir inflow and an increase in demand, mainly in the agricultural sector. Under no scenario is reservoir resilience significantly affected, the reservoir always achieves refill. However, this occurs at the partial expenses of hydropower production with implications for the production of renewable energy. There is also the possibility of conflict between the agricultural sector and hydropower sector for diminishing water supply. Pedra e' Othoni reservoir shows good resilience to future change mostly because of the disproportionately large basin feeding it. However this is not the case of other Sardinian reservoirs and hence a detailed resilience assessment of all reservoirs is needed, where development plans should carefully account for the trade-offs and potential conflicts among sectors. For Sardinia, the option of physical connection between reservoirs is available, as are alternative water supply measures. Those reservoirs at risk to future change should be identified, and mitigating measures investigated.European Commission Seventh Framework Project ‘WASSERMed’ (Water Availability and Security in Southern EuRope and the Mediterranean

ACS Style

Simone Mereu; Janez Sušnik; Antonio Trabucco; Andre Daccache; Lydia Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia; Stefano Renoldi; Andrea Virdis; Dragan Savic; Dionysis Assimacopoulos. Operational resilience of reservoirs to climate change, agricultural demand, and tourism: A case study from Sardinia. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 543, 1028 -1038.

AMA Style

Simone Mereu, Janez Sušnik, Antonio Trabucco, Andre Daccache, Lydia Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia, Stefano Renoldi, Andrea Virdis, Dragan Savic, Dionysis Assimacopoulos. Operational resilience of reservoirs to climate change, agricultural demand, and tourism: A case study from Sardinia. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 543 ():1028-1038.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Simone Mereu; Janez Sušnik; Antonio Trabucco; Andre Daccache; Lydia Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia; Stefano Renoldi; Andrea Virdis; Dragan Savic; Dionysis Assimacopoulos. 2016. "Operational resilience of reservoirs to climate change, agricultural demand, and tourism: A case study from Sardinia." Science of The Total Environment 543, no. : 1028-1038.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2015 in Sustainable Production and Consumption
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ACS Style

Janez Susnik. Economic metrics to estimate current and future resource use, with a focus on water withdrawals. Sustainable Production and Consumption 2015, 2, 109 -127.

AMA Style

Janez Susnik. Economic metrics to estimate current and future resource use, with a focus on water withdrawals. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2015; 2 ():109-127.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Janez Susnik. 2015. "Economic metrics to estimate current and future resource use, with a focus on water withdrawals." Sustainable Production and Consumption 2, no. : 109-127.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in Science of The Total Environment
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International audienceCLImate-induced changes on WAter and SECurity (CLIWASEC) was a cluster of three complementary EC-FP7projects assessing climate-change impacts throughout the Mediterranean on: hydrological cycles (CLIMB —CLimate-Induced changes on the hydrology of Mediterranean Basins); water security (WASSERMed — WaterAvailability and Security in Southern EuRope and the Mediterranean) and human security connected with possiblehydro-climatic conflicts (CLICO — CLImate change hydro-COnflicts and human security). The Nile deltacase study was common between the projects. CLIWASEC created an integrated forum for modelling andmonitoring to understand potential impacts across sectors. This paper summarises key results froman integratedassessment of potential challenges to water-related security issues, focusing on expected sea-level rise impactsby the middle of the century.We use this common focus to illustrate the added value of project clustering.CLIWASEC pursued multidisciplinary research by adopting a single research objective: sea-level rise relatedwater security threats, resulting in a more holistic view of problems and potential solutions. In fragmenting research,policy-makers can fail to understand how multiple issues can materialize from one driver. By combiningefforts, an integrated assessment ofwater security threats in the lower Nile is formulated, offering policy-makersa clearer picture of inter-related issues to society and environment. The main issues identified by each project(land subsidence, saline intrusion — CLIMB; water supply overexploitation, land loss — WASSERMed; employmentand housing security — CLICO), are in fact related. Water overexploitation is exacerbating land subsidenceand saline intrusion, impacting on employment and placing additional pressure on remaining agricultural landand the underdeveloped housingmarket. All these have wider implications for regional development. This richerunderstanding could be critical in making better policy decisionswhen attempting tomitigate climate and socialchange impacts. The CLIWASEC clustering offers an encouraging path for the newEuropean Commission Horizon2020 programme to follow

ACS Style

Janez Sušnik; Lydia S. Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia; Niklas Baumert; Julia Kloos; Fabrice G. Renaud; Isabelle La Jeunesse; Badr Mabrouk; Dragan A. Savić; Zoran Kapelan; Ralf Ludwig; Georg Fischer; Roberto Roson; Christos Zografos. Interdisciplinary assessment of sea-level rise and climate change impacts on the lower Nile delta, Egypt. Science of The Total Environment 2015, 503-504, 279 -288.

AMA Style

Janez Sušnik, Lydia S. Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia, Niklas Baumert, Julia Kloos, Fabrice G. Renaud, Isabelle La Jeunesse, Badr Mabrouk, Dragan A. Savić, Zoran Kapelan, Ralf Ludwig, Georg Fischer, Roberto Roson, Christos Zografos. Interdisciplinary assessment of sea-level rise and climate change impacts on the lower Nile delta, Egypt. Science of The Total Environment. 2015; 503-504 ():279-288.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Janez Sušnik; Lydia S. Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia; Niklas Baumert; Julia Kloos; Fabrice G. Renaud; Isabelle La Jeunesse; Badr Mabrouk; Dragan A. Savić; Zoran Kapelan; Ralf Ludwig; Georg Fischer; Roberto Roson; Christos Zografos. 2015. "Interdisciplinary assessment of sea-level rise and climate change impacts on the lower Nile delta, Egypt." Science of The Total Environment 503-504, no. : 279-288.