In the global context, transportation contributes 26% of the total CO₂ emissions, with land transport responsible for 92% of the emissions within the sector. Given this significant contribution to climate change, it is crucial to quantify vehicular impacts to implement effective mitigation strategies. This study introduces an innovative method for predicting fuel consumption and emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides in vehicles, based on instantaneous vehicle-specific power (VSP) and mean accumulated power. VSP is a parameter that measures a vehicle’s power in relation to its mass, providing an indicator of the efficiency with which the vehicle converts fuel into motion. This indicator is particularly useful for assessing how vehicles utilize their energy under different driving conditions and how this affects their fuel consumption and emissions. Using data collected from 10 vehicles over 2000 h and covering altitudes from 0 to 4000 m above sea level in Ecuador, the method not only improved the accuracy of consumption predictions, reducing the margin of error by up to 10% at high altitudes, but also provided a detailed understanding of how altitude affects both consumption and emissions. The precision of the new method was notable, with a standard deviation of only 0.25 L per 100 km, allowing for reliable estimates under various operational conditions. Interestingly, the study revealed an average increase in fuel consumption of 0.43 L per 1000 m of altitude gain, while CO₂ emissions showed a significant reduction from 260.93 g/km to 215.90 g/km when ascending from 500 m to 4000 m. These findings underscore the relevance of considering altitude in route planning, especially in mountainous terrains, to optimize performance and environmental sustainability. However, the study also indicated an increase in CO and NOx emissions with altitude, a challenge that highlights the need for integrated strategies addressing both fuel consumption and air quality. Collectively, the results emphasized the complex interplay between altitude, energy efficiency, and vehicular emissions, underscoring the importance of a holistic approach to transportation management, to minimize adverse environmental impacts and promote sustainability.

This research analyzes the emissions of oxides of nitrogen, NOx, emitted by an internal combustion engine, indirect injection multipoint Renault 1.8 L and its behavior in function of the values of lambda to suggest strategies of control of the oxygen content, with a better Functional sampling at the time, to the exhaust of the engine in order to mitigate the production of these toxic emissions. The analysis of the production of these emissions was done experimentally in an engine dynamometer where the engine was subjected to different conditions of load and revolutions to find the habitual behavior of a motor of a light vehicle before the information obtained by the Electronic Control Module From the monitoring performed by a conventional high and low oxygen probe. The study aims to focus the incidence of this type of monitoring on the production of NOx and to propose alternatives that offer a greater range of measurements offering advantages from the environmental point of view to a compound that has a high degree of toxicity and affectation on the respiratory system causing a significant increase in cases of lung cancer. Index Terms— NOx, lambda, dynamometer, oxygen sensor, ignition advance

Este trabajo abarca el diseño de una máquina tribológica para pruebas de abrasión seca que cumple con los parámetros establecidas por la norma ASTM G-65. En tal virtud las dimensiones geométricas, velocidad de rotación del disco abrasivo, caudal uniforme de abrasivo y dureza del recubrimiento de goma del disco, deben estar dentro de las tolerancias, estos parámetros son indispensables para cumplir con el propósito de la norma. La metodología de trabajo consiste en un análisis determinístico para el cálculo y evaluación de las resistencias mecánicas, cargas y esfuerzos a fin de determinar los parámetros estructurales, físicos y mecánicos que establecen el diseño de la máquina. Seguidamente, se seleccionó los materiales de construcción. Y para validar la maquina se obtuvo su factor seguridad y se simuló los esfuerzos y reacciones de acuerdo con las condiciones de trabajo normales, características de los materiales y cargas aplicadas, utilizando el software SolidWorks. Finalmente, se obtuvo una máquina de estructura metálica de tubo cuadrado de 38,1x3mm en su gran mayoría, cortina de abrasivo de 310±10 g/min, rotación del disco de 192±1 rpm, y dureza del recubrimiento de goma Shore A-60, prototipo que cumple con las especificaciones técnicas de la norma.

Previous research has shown the impact of traffic on air pollution, with many focusing on developed countries and few analyzing this problem in developing countries in South America. Lima is one of the region's most chaotic cities in terms of congestion, which can be associated with the poor air quality registered in recent years. Despite the efforts to constantly monitor air quality in the metropolitan area of Lima using fixed monitoring stations, no studies have explored the relationship between traffic emissions and air quality at the local level. This research proposes a methodology to analyze PM2.5 AQI using a mobile station under traffic conditions in “Lima Centro”. This analysis will allow us to characterize better traffic emissions and their contribution to low air quality levels in Metropolitan Lima.

La estabilidad de la combustión, el rendimiento del motor y el nivel de emisiones contaminantes dependen en buena medida del índice de octano de la gasolina que se use. En este trabajo se compara el efecto de dos octanajes comerciales (87 y 92) sobre el comportamiento de un motor de encendido por chispa que opera en condiciones de gran altitud (~3000 msnm), un escenario todavía poco estudiado donde la menor densidad del aire altera tanto la eficiencia volumétrica como la relación aire-combustible. Para eso se sometió un Hyundai Grand i10 de 1.2 L a pruebas en dinamómetro de chasis, recorriendo el ciclo IM240 mientras se registraban el consumo de combustible y las emisiones de CO, HC y NO (en gramos totales por prueba). Con 92 octanos, las emisiones de CO bajaron en promedio un 28.4% (p < 0.001); las de HC se redujeron un 11.1% (p = 0.017 con la prueba t, aunque no con Mann-Whitney) y las de NO subieron un 9.2% (sin significancia con la prueba t, pero sí con Mann-Whitney, p = 0.028). El consumo resultó mayor con 92 octanos en baja potencia (+12.3%, p < 0.01), pero menor en aceleración alta (-17.8%, p = 0.013); en desaceleración y en los regímenes de potencia media/alta no hubo diferencias significativas entre combustibles (p > 0.05), y tampoco se encontraron diferencias en torque ni potencia (p > 0.2). En conjunto, los hallazgos confirman que la altitud condiciona de manera crítica el desempeño térmico y ambiental del motor, y que el efecto del octanaje sobre consumo y emisiones varía bastante según la condición de conducción, sin que se note una ventaja mecánica clara de un combustible sobre el otro.

This paper presents the impact that altitude has on the performance of a spark ignition combustion engine. In order to obtain the results, ten different models of vehicles widely used in the Andean region of Latin America were analyzed, the same ones that, during three years, were instrumented in such a way that they can be obtained at the rate of one reading per second, data referring to the engine operation, vehicle dynamics and emissions generated into the environment, in a wide altimetric range between 0 and 4500 m.a.s.l. In addition, data on environmental conditions were collected in such a way that the analysis of the impact of altitude can also be extended to factors such as environmental temperature. Although operating simulators are developed where the pressure and temperature parameters are modified under international regulations, ISA, the results come from real driving conditions, which gives a significant reliability advantage over the data obtained. Furthermore, directives of the European Commission require approval of the emissions generated at different altitude conditions, hence the importance of having a baseline regarding the real effect of altitude on performance and emissions. In particular, there is an apparent increase in vehicle emission readings in high-altitude conditions, which emphasizes the need for strategies to reduce emissions in high-altitude operations.