A 26‐year‐old woman had a masticatory dysfunction, straight profile, retrognathic maxilla and mandible, and Angle’s class I with a tendency to class III malocclusion on both sides, with bilateral posterior crossbites and a 4 mm anterior open bite. Orthognathic surgery and orthodontic camouflage with and without tooth extraction were considered as treatment options. The patient’s preferred method of treatment was orthodontic camouflage without extraction. The transpalatal arch had been placed for the bilateral molars’ derotation. After 3 months, the upper segmented fixed appliance was implanted to address the posterior crossbites in the premolar’s region. One mini‐implant was inserted into the anterior palatum after the transpalatal arch was removed, and a supporting device was attached to the first permanent molars to give indirect skeletal stability. Orthodontic treatment’s active phase lasted 23 months, and all treatment objectives were achieved during that time: the desired facial profile, adequate occlusion, appropriate overbite, and overjet.

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the accuracy of four radiological methods for dental age estimation and to test which method is the most reliable in Montenegrin children. Methods: To determine dental age, we examined 351 panoramic radiographs of 190 female and 161 male children between the ages of 6 and 12 using the Demirjian method, Willems method, the European formula, and the BAF. The estimated dental age was compared with the chronological age, and the average, absolute, and standard deviations were calculated. Results: When comparing dental age to chronological age in females, overestimation occurred when using the Demirjian and Willems methods, whereas the European formula and the BAF resulted in underestimations. Only the European formula underestimated dental age in males, while the other three methods caused overestimations in comparison to chronological age. The European formula and the BAF revealed that, when all age groups were included, approximately 57.1–61% of patients deviated from their chronological age by less than six months. When using Demirjian’s method, nearly 30–35% of patients had dental ages that were either overestimated or underestimated by more than a year. Conclusions: The most accurate method for estimating the dental age of children under 13 in the Montenegrin population is the European formula. The Demirjian method had the lowest accuracy, whereas that in the BAF and the Willems method was similar.

Background and Objectives: The key factor that enables osteoblastic activity and the formation of new bone, as well as gingiva, during orthodontic tooth extrusion (OE) is the periodontal ligament. The reaction of periodontal tissues associated with changes in the gingiva is a part of orthodontic tooth displacement. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of OE on the width of the zone of the keratinized and attached gingiva, the position of the mucogingival junction, and the height of the interdental papillae in the region where the OE was performed as well as in the adjacent region. Materials and Methods: This research included 28 adult patients (both orthodontically treated and untreated). The treated group included 15 patients, in whom orthodontic extrusion of the upper or lower frontal teeth was indicated and performed. The untreated group included 13 patients, with no previous or undergoing orthodontic treatment. Patients with periodontal disease and periodontal pockets in the frontal region and patients allergic to iodine were excluded from the study. Gingivomorphometric measurements were performed on two occasions in three groups of teeth (24 extruded and 30 agonist teeth in the treated patients; 66 teeth in the untreated patients). Statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed using the software package SPSS version 26.0. Results: Orthodontic extrusion induced changes in the position of the mucogingival line and an increase in the width of the keratinized gingiva. There were no statistically significant effects on the depth of the gingival sulcus, the attached gingiva width, or the height of the interdental papillae. Conclusions: Orthodontic tooth extrusion has an effect on the periodontium in the observed region. Vertical orthodontic force, directed towards the coronal plane, affects the surrounding soft oral tissues.

Introduction/Objective. This study aimed to evaluate sex assessment using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images by analyzing the dimensions and volume of the maxillary sinus. Additionally, the study aimed to develop prediction formulas for sex assessment and assess their accuracy for the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods. A total of 150 CBCT images were analyzed, comprising 73 males and 77 females, aged 20? 69 years. The dimensions of the maxillary sinuses ? specifically, the mediolateral, superoinferior, and anteroposterior measurements ? along with their volumes, were assessed using Romexis software. Measurements were taken from both axial and coronal projections. To develop gender prediction formulas, multiple regression analysis was employed. The accuracy of sex prediction was evaluated using discriminant functional analysis. Results. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in sinus dimensions and volume were observed between sexes. Males had larger maxillary sinuses: left sinus volume was 27.60 ? 6.87 cm3 in males versus 22.10 ? 5.77 cm3 in females and right sinus volume was 27.48 ? 7.02 cm3 in males versus 21.65 ? 5.42 cm3 in females. The right maxillary sinus provided the highest accuracy for sex prediction (75%), followed by the left sinus (71%). Conclusion. The dimensions and volume of the maxillary sinus vary significantly between sexes, with males typically having larger sinuses. A gender prediction formula based on the right maxillary sinus offers the highest accuracy for sex prediction, achieving 75%. This formula could be a valuable tool in forensic applications specific to the Bosnian population when other methods are not available.

Introduction: The extraction of premolars is a common therapeutic approach in the treatment of Class II, Division 1 malocclusion. Aim: This study aimed to test the null hypothesis that there is no statistically significant difference in the change in angulation of developing mandibular third molars between patients with Class II, Division 1 malocclusion treated with the extraction of maxillary first and mandibular second premolars and those treated with the extraction of maxillary second premolars. Materials and Methods: The study included orthopantomographic radiographs taken before and after orthodontic treatment in 28 patients aged 15-22 years with Class II, Division 1 malocclusion. The patients were divided into Group I (n = 14), treated with the extraction of maxillary second premolars only, and Group II (n = 14), treated with extraction of maxillary first and mandibular second premolars. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and appropriate inferential tests (Student's t-test, Pearson's χ² test, and Mann-Whitney test), with the level of statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean change in angulation of developing mandibular third molars in group II were positive and significantly different from that observed in Group I (p < 0.01). No statistically significant differences were found between the left and right sides within either group. The percentage of lower third molars showing an increase in angulation was 32.14% in Group I and 71.43% in Group II. Conclusion: The null hypothesis was rejected. Orthodontic treatment of Class II, Division 1 malocclusion involving the extraction of maxillary first and mandibular second premolars increase the likelihood of mandibular third molar eruption by producing a significantly greater change in their angulation.

Introduction/Objective. Effective disinfection of the root canal system is essential for successful endodontic treatment. This study aimed to determine the most effective final irrigation protocol. Methods. This randomized clinical trial investigated the antimicrobial efficacy of three irrigation protocols in 30 patients with asymptomatic apical periodontitis in single-rooted teeth. The groups were: (1) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) + 17% EDTA; (2) NaOCl + EDTA + 2% chlorhexidine (CHX); and (3) the same as Group 2 with sonic agitation (EndoActivator). Microbial samples were collected at three intervals and analyzed using end-point and real-time PCR targeting seven key endodontic pathogens. Results. Group 3 demonstrated the greatest bacterial reduction across all time points, with CHX-containing protocols significantly outperforming NaOCl + EDTA alone. Sonic activation further enhanced irrigant efficacy, notably reducing P. gingivalis. Despite improvements, complete bacterial eradication was not achieved, and E. faecalis and F. nucleatum remained persistent. Conclusion. While limitations in microbial sampling and profiling exist, the results underscore the importance of combining chemical agents and mechanical activation to manage complex root canal infections effectively.