The rapid advancement of digital technologies in education is revolutionizing learning environments and influencing the future of educational methodologies. This study seeks to determine the parameters affecting students’ satisfaction with e-learning platforms utilized during the COVID-19 pandemic, within a multimodal educational framework. A Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach was used to examine the contributions of different components to students’ views of e-learning tools and the inter-relationships between them. Data were gathered from 314 students via a questionnaire, with the dependent variable being student satisfaction with e-learning platforms and the independent variables comprising the perceived benefits and disadvantages, ease of use, prior experience, perceptions of the platforms, perceived risks, and communication efficiency between students and professors. The results indicated that 78% of the variance in student satisfaction was explained by these parameters (R-squared = 0.78), underscoring the substantial impact of these features on the digital learning experience. This study enhances the comprehension of the influence of e-learning platforms within a multimodal educational framework on students’ learning experiences, especially with the challenges presented by the pandemic. The collected insights can guide the development of more effective, accessible, and user-focused educational tools.

Terrorism is one of the main dangers facing democratic states today. The effects of terrorist activities and their economic impact on society are very difficult to determine, but in the following we will try to understand and analyses the main dangers to which states are exposed and the countermeasures carried out by the main states facing this scourge. At the same time, we will try in the analysis carried out in this article to establish the future measures to be taken so that the objectives of terrorist organizations, those of implicitly affecting the targeted countries economically, do not lead to the desired results.

Terrorism is a concept that has existed internationally since ancient times, receiving different names from specialists depending on the period in which it was identified, the means and methods used in the activities carried out or the aims pursued by the actions of the members of various organizations.One thing we would like to point out is that as long as there are different points of view, as long as the interests of some of the parties involved in a conflict, including those of an economic nature, are at odds, then the conditions will be created for the development or coagulation of resistance movements, which by their actions will be labelled as terrorist organizations.One of the main terrorist organizations causing immeasurable economic damage, and whose actions are also likely to affect international relations, is Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya – HAMAS, also known as the Islamic Resistance Movement, which since 2006 has taken control of the Gaza Strip using armed force, imposing political and economic separation from the Palestinian Authority.

HRMARS is well established journal publisher based in Pakistan. It is publishing prominent journals in social sciences since 2011.