The relationship between the structure and mechanical properties of materials has been a hot topic. However, there is a lack of research on the relationship between the structure of rattan and its mechanical properties. This study investigated the anatomical structure and bending properties of Calamus zollingeri, a commercially important rattan species. Samples were collected from different radial positions of the stem and analyzed for their microstructural features and mechanical properties. The distribution and morphology of vascular bundles (VBs), parenchyma cells (PCs), vessels, and fibers were examined using light microscopy. Bending tests were conducted to determine the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE). Stepwise linear regression analysis was employed to explore the relationship between structural features and mechanical properties. The results showed that the diameters, lengths and distribution densities of the vessel elements were 280.32 μm, 2163.56 μm, and 3.68 pcs/mm², respectively; the double wall thickness, lumen diameter, diameter, length, length–width ratio were 7.55 μm, 4.30 μm, 11.85 μm, 1569.39 μm, and 134.08, respectively; the tissue ratios of the vessel elements, fibers, sieve elements, and PCs were 22.76%, 20.5%, 4.83%, and 51.87%, respectively. The MOR of C. zollingeri was 55.77 MPa, while the MOE was 2669.11 MPa. The MOR of C. zollingeri was mainly affected by a double wall thickness of fiber and the tissue ratio of PCs, while the MOE was mainly affected by a double arm thickness of fiber and the tissue ratio of the vessel elements. This research provides valuable insights into the structure–property relationships of rattan, which can inform its optimal utilization in various applications.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the vascular bundle morphology, tangential and radial diameters, and distribution frequency of different parts of Oligostachyum sulcatum, elucidating their structural and functional significance. Electron microscopy images revealed distinct vascular bundle characteristics in the different parts, including the vascular bundles in both parts of the rhizomes, the middle parts of the internodes, and the middle and inner parts of the branches, which were semi-open. The vascular bundles in the outer parts of both internodes and branches were semi-differentiated and undifferentiated. The vascular bundles in the inner parts of internodes were open. Statistical analysis showed significant variations in tangential and radial diameters among these parts, reflecting their diverse mechanical and physiological functions. The internodes exhibited the largest tangential and radial diameters, suggesting a critical role in mechanical support. In contrast, the branches had the smallest diameter, indicating that vascular bundle differentiation is influenced by growth conditions. The vascular bundle frequency was the highest in branches and the lowest in inside-sticks. This study provides theoretical references for the adaptive strategies and growth regulation mechanisms of O. sulcatum.