An in situ synthesis approach for directly growing microspheres of melamine-glutaraldehyde polymer onto 3D nickel foam. The simplifying electrode preparation eliminates the need for additional binders or conductive agents. NC/NF-400 exhibits exceptional electrochemical performance and capacitance.

The demand for flexible and wearable electronics has intensified the need for conformable, high-performance, and self-sustaining power sources. Flexible supercapacitors (FSCs) and flexible batteries (e.g., lithium-ion and lithium–sulfur) are promising owing to their high-power density, long cycle life, and mechanical flexibility. A transformative solution lies in integrating these storage devices with mechanical energy harvesters, particularly triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), to create autonomous self-charging power systems (SCPSs). TENGs exhibit high output, versatile operational modes, material flexibility, and efficient energy harvesting from body movements. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in flexible energy storage technologies, encompassing carbon-based materials, MXenes, polymers, metal oxides, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and their hybrid architectures. It discusses the synergistic integration of these storage devices with TENGs to realize multifunctional SCPSs. It also highlights the fundamental design principles of flexible devices, the critical interplay of materials and architecture, and the journey towards monolithic system integration. The review also underscores the importance of managing harvesters’ pulsed output for efficient storage. Finally, a critical analysis of the challenges, including the energy density–flexibility compromise, environmental stability, and safety, is presented, alongside a forward-looking perspective on commercialization pathways for these technologies to power the next generation of autonomous wearable and sustainable electronic systems.

A composite of UiO-66/COF was used for the synthesis of ZrO ₂ -embedded nitrogen-doped carbon. The materials were used as electrode materials for supercapacitors.