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David Steinbach
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Catalysis Research and Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany

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Journal article
Published: 10 December 2020 in Processes
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For the production of sugars and biobased platform chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass, the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicelluloses to water-soluble sugars is a crucial step. As the complex structure of lignocellulosic biomass hinders an efficient hydrolysis via acid hydrolysis, a suitable pretreatment strategy is of special importance. The pretreatment steam explosion was intended to increase the accessibility of the cellulose fibers so that the subsequent acid hydrolysis of the cellulose to glucose would take place in a shorter time. Steam explosion pretreatment was performed with beech wood chips at varying severities with different reaction times (25–34 min) and maximum temperatures (186–223 °C). However, the subsequent acid hydrolysis step of steam-exploded residue was performed at constant settings at 180 °C with diluted sulfuric acid. The concentration profiles of the main water-soluble hydrolysis products were recorded. We showed in this study that the defibration of the macrofibrils in the lignocellulose structure during steam explosion does not lead to an increased rate of cellulose hydrolysis. So, steam explosion is not a suitable pretreatment for acid hydrolysis of hardwood lignocellulosic biomass.

ACS Style

David Steinbach; Andrea Kruse; Jörg Sauer; Jonas Storz. Is Steam Explosion a Promising Pretreatment for Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass? Processes 2020, 8, 1626 .

AMA Style

David Steinbach, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, Jonas Storz. Is Steam Explosion a Promising Pretreatment for Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass? Processes. 2020; 8 (12):1626.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Steinbach; Andrea Kruse; Jörg Sauer; Jonas Storz. 2020. "Is Steam Explosion a Promising Pretreatment for Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass?" Processes 8, no. 12: 1626.

Journal article
Published: 28 May 2020 in Processes
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The isomerization of glucose-containing hydrolysates to fructose is a key step in the process from lignocellulosic biomass to the platform chemical hydroxymethylfurfural. We investigated the isomerization reaction of glucose to fructose in water catalyzed by hydrotalcite. Catalyst characterization was performed via IR, XRD, and SEM. Firstly, glucose solutions at pH-neutral conditions were converted under variation of the temperature, residence time, and catalyst loading, whereby a maximum of 25 wt.% fructose yield was obtained at a 38 wt.% glucose conversion. Secondly, isomerization was performed at pH = 2 using glucose solutions as well as glucose-containing hydrolysates from lignocellulosic biomass. Under acidic conditions, the hydrotalcite loses its activity for isomerization. Consequently, it is unavoidable to neutralize the acidic hydrolysate before the isomerization step with an inexpensive base. As a neutralizing agent NaOH is preferred over Ba(OH)2, since higher fructose yields are achieved with NaOH. Lastly, a pH-neutral hydrolysate from lignocellulose was subjected to isomerization, yielding 16 wt.% fructose at a 32 wt.% glucose conversion. This work targets the application of catalytic systems on real biomass-derived samples.

ACS Style

David Steinbach; Andreas Klier; Andrea Kruse; Jörg Sauer; Stefan Wild; Marina Zanker. Isomerization of Glucose to Fructose in Hydrolysates from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Hydrotalcite. Processes 2020, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

David Steinbach, Andreas Klier, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, Stefan Wild, Marina Zanker. Isomerization of Glucose to Fructose in Hydrolysates from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Hydrotalcite. Processes. 2020; 8 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Steinbach; Andreas Klier; Andrea Kruse; Jörg Sauer; Stefan Wild; Marina Zanker. 2020. "Isomerization of Glucose to Fructose in Hydrolysates from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Hydrotalcite." Processes 8, no. 6: 1.

Journal article
Published: 17 April 2020 in Catalysts
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Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is a crucial step for the production of sugars and biobased platform chemicals. Pretreatment experiments in a semi-continuous plant with diluted sulphuric acid as catalyst were carried out to measure the time-dependent formation of sugars (glucose, xylose, mannose), furfurals, and organic acids (acetic, formic, and levulinic acid) at different hydrolysis temperatures (180, 200, 220 °C) of one representative of each basic type of lignocellulose: hardwood, softwood, and grass. The addition of the acid catalyst is followed by a sharp increase in the sugar concentration. Xylose and mannose were mainly formed in the initial stages of the process, while glucose was released slowly. Increasing the reaction temperature had a positive effect on the formation of furfurals and organic acids, especially on hydroxymehtylfurfural (HMF) and levulinic acid, regardless of biomass type. In addition, large amounts of formic acid were released during the hydrolysis of miscanthus grass. Structural changes in the solid residue show a complete hydrolysis of hemicellulose at 180 °C and of cellulose at 200 °C after around 120 min reaction time. The results obtained in this study can be used for the optimisation of the hydrolysis conditions and reactor design to maximise the yields of desired products, which might be sugars or furfurals.

ACS Style

Katarzyna Świątek; Stephanie Gaag; Andreas Klier; Andrea Kruse; Jörg Sauer; David Steinbach. Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation. Catalysts 2020, 10, 437 .

AMA Style

Katarzyna Świątek, Stephanie Gaag, Andreas Klier, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, David Steinbach. Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation. Catalysts. 2020; 10 (4):437.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katarzyna Świątek; Stephanie Gaag; Andreas Klier; Andrea Kruse; Jörg Sauer; David Steinbach. 2020. "Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation." Catalysts 10, no. 4: 437.

Original article
Published: 19 November 2019 in Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
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Chicory roots (Cichorium intybus L.) are an agricultural residue from salad production. After forcing, the roots contain ingredients from which further products can be obtained. Thus, forced chicory roots can still be considered as a low-cost feedstock for the production of valuable products. Sugars can be extracted and then be used for the production of platform chemicals like 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Remaining sugars and other components can be degraded during hydrothermal carbonization, where a carbon-enriched hydrochar and a process water enriched in organic components are produced. The process water can be anaerobically digested to produce biogas. In this paper, a cascaded utilization of chicory roots was investigated. Of the initial sugars in the roots, 67.5 wt.% were extracted in a batch extraction with hot water. During hydrothermal carbonization in batch autoclaves, hydrochar yields of up to 66.2 wt.% were achieved. A methane potential of 255 L CH4/kg COD was determined from process water after carbonization. With this additional anaerobic digestion of the process water, a complete utilization of the forced chicory root is achieved. Therefore, in this work, a biorefinery concept for forced chicory roots combining sugar extraction, hydrothermal carbonization, and anaerobic digestion was investigated to elongate the value chain of chicory and to enable an optimum usage of the biomass. The carbon efficiency of this cascaded utilization was 96% whereas the state of the art process only showed 40%.

ACS Style

Katrin Stökle; Benedikt Hülsemann; David Steinbach; Zebin Cao; Hans Oechsner; Andrea Kruse. A biorefinery concept using forced chicory roots for the production of biogas, hydrochar, and platform chemicals. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 2019, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Katrin Stökle, Benedikt Hülsemann, David Steinbach, Zebin Cao, Hans Oechsner, Andrea Kruse. A biorefinery concept using forced chicory roots for the production of biogas, hydrochar, and platform chemicals. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2019; ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katrin Stökle; Benedikt Hülsemann; David Steinbach; Zebin Cao; Hans Oechsner; Andrea Kruse. 2019. "A biorefinery concept using forced chicory roots for the production of biogas, hydrochar, and platform chemicals." Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery , no. : 1-11.

Research article
Published: 01 October 2019 in ACS Omega
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Efficient synthesis of valuable platform chemicals from renewable feedstock is a challenging, yet essential strategy for developing technologies that are both economical and sustainable. In the present study, we investigated the synthesis of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) in a two-step catalytic process starting from sucrose as largely available biomass feedstock. In the first step, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) was synthesized by hydrolysis and dehydration of sucrose using sulfuric acid in a continuous reactor in 34% yield. In a second step, the resulting reaction solution was directly oxidized to FDCA without further purification over a Au/ZrO2 catalyst with 84% yield (87% selectivity, batch process), corresponding to 29% overall yield with respect to sucrose. This two-step process could afford the production of pure FDCA after the respective extraction/crystallization despite the impure intermediate HMF solution. To demonstrate the direct application of the biomass-derived FDCA as monomer, the isolated product was used for Ugi-multicomponent polymerizations, establishing a new application possibility for FDCA. In the future, this efficient two-step process strategy toward FDCA should be extended to further renewable feedstock.

ACS Style

Oliver R. Schade; Patrick-Kurt Dannecker; Kai F. Kalz; David Steinbach; Michael A. R. Meier; Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt. Direct Catalytic Route to Biomass-Derived 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid and Its Use as Monomer in a Multicomponent Polymerization. ACS Omega 2019, 4, 16972 -16979.

AMA Style

Oliver R. Schade, Patrick-Kurt Dannecker, Kai F. Kalz, David Steinbach, Michael A. R. Meier, Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt. Direct Catalytic Route to Biomass-Derived 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid and Its Use as Monomer in a Multicomponent Polymerization. ACS Omega. 2019; 4 (16):16972-16979.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oliver R. Schade; Patrick-Kurt Dannecker; Kai F. Kalz; David Steinbach; Michael A. R. Meier; Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt. 2019. "Direct Catalytic Route to Biomass-Derived 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid and Its Use as Monomer in a Multicomponent Polymerization." ACS Omega 4, no. 16: 16972-16979.

Journal article
Published: 26 September 2019 in Molecules
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Straws are agricultural residues that can be used to produce biomethane by anaerobic digestion. The methane yield of rice straw is lower than other straws. Steam explosion was investigated as a pretreatment to increase methane production. Pretreatment conditions with varying reaction times (12-30 min) and maximum temperatures (162-240 °C) were applied. The pretreated material was characterized for its composition and thermal and morphological properties. When the steam explosion was performed with a moderate severity parameter of S0 = 4.1 min, the methane yield was increased by 32% compared to untreated rice straw. This study shows that a harsher pretreatment at S0 > 4.3 min causes a drastic reduction of methane yield because inert condensation products are formed from hemicelluloses.

ACS Style

David Steinbach; Dominik Wüst; Simon Zielonka; Johannes Krümpel; Simon Munder; Matthias Pagel; Andrea Kruse. Steam Explosion Conditions Highly Influence the Biogas Yield of Rice Straw. Molecules 2019, 24, 3492 .

AMA Style

David Steinbach, Dominik Wüst, Simon Zielonka, Johannes Krümpel, Simon Munder, Matthias Pagel, Andrea Kruse. Steam Explosion Conditions Highly Influence the Biogas Yield of Rice Straw. Molecules. 2019; 24 (19):3492.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Steinbach; Dominik Wüst; Simon Zielonka; Johannes Krümpel; Simon Munder; Matthias Pagel; Andrea Kruse. 2019. "Steam Explosion Conditions Highly Influence the Biogas Yield of Rice Straw." Molecules 24, no. 19: 3492.

Original research
Published: 10 September 2019 in GCB Bioenergy
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Lignocellulose‐derived hydrolyzates typically display a high degree of variation depending on applied biomass source material as well as process conditions. Consequently, this typically results in variable composition such as different sugar concentrations as well as degree and presence of inhibitors formed during hydrolysis. These key obstacles commonly limit its efficient use as a carbon source for biotechnological conversion. The gram‐negative soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is a promising candidate for a future lignocellulose‐based biotechnology due to its robustness and versatile metabolism. Recently, P. putida KT2440_xylAB which was able to metabolize the hemicellulose sugars xylose and arabinose was developed and characterized. Building on this, the intent of the study was to evaluate different lignocellulose hydrolyzates as platform substrates for P. putida KT2440 as model organism for a bio‐based economy. Firstly, hydrolyzates of different origins were evaluated as potential carbon sources by cultivation experiments and determination of cell growth and sugar consumption. Secondly, the content of major toxic substances in cellulose‐ and hemicellulose hydrolyzates was determined and their inhibitory effect on bacterial growth was characterized. Thirdly, fed‐batch bioreactor cultivations with hydrolyzate as carbon source were characterized and a diauxic‐like growth behavior with regard to different sugars was revealed. In this context, a feeding strategy to overcome the diauxic‐like growth behavior preventing accumulation of sugars is proposed and presented. Results obtained in this study represent a first step and proof‐of‐concept towards establishing lignocellulose hydrolyzates as platform substrates for a bio‐based economy.

ACS Style

Felix Horlamus; Yan Wang; David Steinbach; Maliheh Vahidinasab; Andreas Wittgens; Frank Rosenau; Marius Henkel; Rudolf Hausmann. Potential of biotechnological conversion of lignocellulose hydrolyzates by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 as a model organism for a bio‐based economy. GCB Bioenergy 2019, 11, 1421 -1434.

AMA Style

Felix Horlamus, Yan Wang, David Steinbach, Maliheh Vahidinasab, Andreas Wittgens, Frank Rosenau, Marius Henkel, Rudolf Hausmann. Potential of biotechnological conversion of lignocellulose hydrolyzates by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 as a model organism for a bio‐based economy. GCB Bioenergy. 2019; 11 (12):1421-1434.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Felix Horlamus; Yan Wang; David Steinbach; Maliheh Vahidinasab; Andreas Wittgens; Frank Rosenau; Marius Henkel; Rudolf Hausmann. 2019. "Potential of biotechnological conversion of lignocellulose hydrolyzates by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 as a model organism for a bio‐based economy." GCB Bioenergy 11, no. 12: 1421-1434.

Journal article
Published: 14 March 2018 in Energies
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Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has an outstanding position among bio-based platform chemicals, because high-value polymer precursors and fuel additives can be derived from HMF. Unfortunately, the large-scale industrial production of HMF is not yet realized. An open research question is the choice of hexose feedstock material. In this study, we used the highly available disaccharide sucrose for HMF synthesis. The conversion of sucrose was catalyzed by sulfuric acid in water media. Experiments were conducted at temperatures of 180, 200, and 220 °C with reaction times of 2–24 min. A carbon balance showed that the yield of unwanted side products rose strongly with temperature. We also developed a kinetic model for the conversion of sucrose, involving nine first-order reactions, to uncover the kinetics of the main reaction pathways. Within this model, HMF is produced exclusively via the dehydration of fructose. Glucose isomerizes slowly to fructose. Side products arise simultaneously from glucose, fructose, and HMF. A pathway from hexoses to xylose via reverse aldol reaction was also included in the model. We believe that sucrose is the ideal feedstock for large-scale production of HMF because it is more abundant than fructose, and easier to process than sugars obtained from lignocellulosic biomass.

ACS Style

David Steinbach; Andrea Kruse; Jörg Sauer; Philipp Vetter. Sucrose Is a Promising Feedstock for the Synthesis of the Platform Chemical Hydroxymethylfurfural. Energies 2018, 11, 645 .

AMA Style

David Steinbach, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, Philipp Vetter. Sucrose Is a Promising Feedstock for the Synthesis of the Platform Chemical Hydroxymethylfurfural. Energies. 2018; 11 (3):645.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Steinbach; Andrea Kruse; Jörg Sauer; Philipp Vetter. 2018. "Sucrose Is a Promising Feedstock for the Synthesis of the Platform Chemical Hydroxymethylfurfural." Energies 11, no. 3: 645.

Review
Published: 10 February 2017 in Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
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Lignocellulosic biomasses are strongly connected composites of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. A pretreatment is required in order to make these components available for their later conversion into chemicals. At this point, two strategies have to be considered: to either produce chemicals via microorganism or enzymes (1), or by chemical conversion (2). The focus of this article is the second strategy, which is chemical conversion, performed in water to produce the final products furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Reviewed first is the composition of cellulose and hemicelluloses as well as their degradation chemistry in water. Then, fundamental modes of action and process parameters of pretreatment methods in aqueous solution are summarized. The pretreatment methods discussed here are steam explosion, treatment with hot liquid water, diluted and concentrated acids, as well as alkaline solutions. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of these pretreatments are discussed for lignocellulosic biomass.

ACS Style

David Steinbach; Andrea Kruse; Jörg Sauer. Pretreatment technologies of lignocellulosic biomass in water in view of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural production- A review. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 2017, 7, 247 -274.

AMA Style

David Steinbach, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer. Pretreatment technologies of lignocellulosic biomass in water in view of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural production- A review. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2017; 7 (2):247-274.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Steinbach; Andrea Kruse; Jörg Sauer. 2017. "Pretreatment technologies of lignocellulosic biomass in water in view of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural production- A review." Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 7, no. 2: 247-274.

Research article
Published: 15 March 2012 in International Journal of Chemical Engineering
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Lignin forms an important part of lignocellulosic biomass and is an abundantly available residue. It is a potential renewable source of phenol. Liquefaction of enzymatic hydrolysis lignin as well as catalytical hydrodeoxygenation of the main intermediates in the degradation of lignin, that is, catechol and guaiacol, was studied. The cleavage of the ether bonds, which are abundant in the molecular structure of lignin, can be realised in near-critical water (573 to 673K, 20 to 30MPa). Hydrothermal treatment in this context provides high selectivity in respect to hydroxybenzenes, especially catechol. RANEY Nickel was found to be an adequate catalyst for hydrodeoxygenation. Although it does not influence the cleavage of ether bonds, RANEY Nickel favours the production of phenol from both lignin and catechol. The main product from hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol with RANEY Nickel was cyclohexanol. Reaction mechanism and kinetics of the degradation of guaiacol were explored.

ACS Style

Daniel Forchheim; Ursel Hornung; Philipp Kempe; Andrea Kruse; David Steinbach. Influence of RANEY Nickel on the Formation of Intermediates in the Degradation of Lignin. International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2012, 2012, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Daniel Forchheim, Ursel Hornung, Philipp Kempe, Andrea Kruse, David Steinbach. Influence of RANEY Nickel on the Formation of Intermediates in the Degradation of Lignin. International Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2012; 2012 (4):1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Forchheim; Ursel Hornung; Philipp Kempe; Andrea Kruse; David Steinbach. 2012. "Influence of RANEY Nickel on the Formation of Intermediates in the Degradation of Lignin." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2012, no. 4: 1-8.