In modern manufacturing, there is an increasing demand for reliable in-process measurement methods directly on large CNC machine tools, eliminating the need to transport workpieces to metrological laboratories. This study assesses the capability and applicability of an articulated arm coordinate measuring machine and a machine tool touch-trigger probe when measuring to a specified tolerance of 0.05 mm in a production environment. Experiments were conducted using the KOBA calibration standard and included measurements with and without applying the articulated arm coordinate measuring machine leapfrog method. The results were evaluated according to ISO 22514-7:2021 and ISO 14253-1:2017, which establish criteria for measurement system capability. The findings revealed that neither measurement system met the capability requirements of ISO 22514-7:2021, particularly due to unsatisfactory Q_MS and C_MS values. However, under ISO 14253-1:2017, both systems were deemed conditionally suitable for verifying conformity to the specifications, with the articulated arm coordinate measuring machine showing lower applicability when using the leapfrog method. This research supports the idea that unreasonable demands for compliance with current standards may lead to questioning of the systems that previously met older standards. The study contributes to the ongoing discussion on integrating advanced metrological tools into the manufacturing process and underscores the need for careful evaluation to ensure the capability and reliability of measurement systems in industrial practice.

The increasing digitization of manufacturing and the integration of CNC and industrial control systems into the industry 4.0 environment have introduced new cybersecurity risks that directly affect operational reliability. Traditional deterministic risk-assessment methods used for securing ICS—such as SCADA, PLC, and CNC systems—struggle to address uncertainty, dynamic operating conditions, and complex dependencies between technical and organizational factors. To overcome these limitations, this study develops a Bayesian Network (BN) model that captures probabilistic relationships between machine-level configuration parameters, network conditions, and potential security incidents. The model is applied to a CNC machining center (ZPS MCG1000i), where it supports scenario-based prediction of cybersecurity risks and provides interpretable outputs suitable for operator decision-making and human–machine interaction. The results demonstrate that BNs are effective in environments with limited data availability and high uncertainty, offering transparent and quantifiable insights into how specific misconfigurations—such as active remote access or irregular firmware updates—elevate overall system exposure. The proposed approach aligns with current regulatory and standardization requirements, including the NIS2 Directive (EU 2022/2555), ISO/IEC 27001:2022, ISO/IEC 27005:2022, and Regulation (EU) 2024/2847 (Cyber Resilience Act), which define cybersecurity obligations for products with digital elements. The study provides a reproducible and future-oriented methodology for integrating cybersecurity into machinery-safety evaluation in modern industrial environments.

Articulated arm coordinate measuring machines are designed for in situ use directly in manufacturing environments, enabling efficient dimensional control outside of climate-controlled laboratories. This study investigates the influence of ambient temperature variation on the accuracy of length measurements performed with the Hexagon Absolute Arm 8312. The experiment was carried out in a laboratory setting simulating typical shop floor conditions through controlled temperature changes in the range of approximately 20–31 °C. A calibrated steel gauge block was used as a reference standard, allowing separation of the influence of the measuring system from that of the measured object. The results showed that the gauge block length changed in line with the expected thermal expansion, while the articulated arm coordinate measuring machine exhibited only a minor residual thermal drift and stable performance. The experiment also revealed a constant measurement offset of approximately 22 µm, likely due to calibration deviation. As part of the study, an uncertainty budget was developed, taking into account all relevant sources of influence and enabling a more realistic estimation of accuracy under operational conditions. The study confirms that modern carbon composite articulated arm coordinate measuring machines with integrated compensation can maintain stable measurement behavior even under fluctuating temperatures in controlled environments.