Background: KRAS mutations are among the most common oncogenic drivers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with KRAS G12C emerging as a therapeutically targetable subtype. However, the prognostic relevance of KRAS G12C compared with non-G12C mutations in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) remains unclear. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 80 NSCLC patients treated with ICIs between January 2020 and July 2024; data were censored on 3 July 2025. The cohort included 32 KRAS-mutant (20 G12C, 12 non-G12C) and 48 KRAS wild-type patients. Clinicopathological features, treatment details, and survival outcomes were collected. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, with group comparisons made using the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were conducted to identify independent prognostic factors. Results: Among 80 NSCLC patients treated with ICIs, the median OS and PFS were 14.3 and 8.2 months, respectively. Survival outcomes were comparable between KRAS-mutant and wild-type patients. Within the KRAS-mutant subgroup (n = 32), baseline characteristics were generally balanced between G12C (n = 20) and non-G12C (n = 12) cases, with non-significant trends toward higher metastatic burden and PD-L1 ≥ 50% in the G12C group. Median OS was significantly longer in G12C patients than in non-G12C patients (20.7 vs. 6.4 months; p = 0.021), whereas PFS did not differ significantly (10.2 vs. 3.7 months; p = 0.181). In multivariate analysis, non-G12C mutation independently predicted increased mortality risk (HR 3.35, 95% CI 1.26–8.89; p = 0.015). For PFS, recurrent disease status was associated with improved outcomes in univariate analysis (HR 0.30, 95% CI 0.09–0.94; p = 0.040), but no independent predictors were identified in multivariate modeling. Conclusions: In NSCLC patients treated with ICIs, the KRAS G12C mutation was associated with significantly improved OS compared with other KRAS subtypes, independent of clinicopathological characteristics. These findings suggest distinct biological behavior of KRAS variants in immunotherapy response and warrant further prospective validation.

Background: Approximately 15–20% of early-stage breast cancers overexpress HER2, which is associated with an increased risk of recurrence. Although adjuvant anti-HER2 therapies have significantly improved patient outcomes, the optimal treatment strategy remains uncertain, particularly for patients with small, lymph node-negative tumors, where concerns about potential overtreatment and toxicity persist. The objective of this study was to evaluate overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and treatment-related neuropathy in patients with early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer treated with adjuvant trastuzumab and paclitaxel. Methods: A total of 129 patients, aged 18 to 75 years, diagnosed with early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer, were retrospectively analyzed in this multicenter study. All patients had received adjuvant treatment with trastuzumab and paclitaxel (TH regimen) between November 2016 and July 2023. The study involved the collection of demographic information, pathological features, and treatment-related details. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the primary study endpoint, while recurrence-free survival (RFS), disease control rate (DCR), and treatment-related neuropathy were evaluated as secondary outcomes. Results: The median follow-up time was 70.9 months. The 2-year and 5-year OS rates were 95.3%, and the 5-year RFS rate was 96.8%. No statistically significant differences in OS or RFS were observed in relation to tumor size (T1 vs. T2), hormone receptor status, Ki-67 index, tumor grade, or the use of adjuvant endocrine or radiotherapy (all p > 0.05). Neuropathy developed in 53.5% of patients, mostly grade 1. Conclusions: Adjuvant TH therapy shows favorable long-term outcomes in early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer.

To compare the real-world outcomes of perioperative chemotherapy (ChT) and neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in patients with locally advanced resectable

Objective: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved cancer treatment outcomes but may cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Data regarding immunotherapy safety in elderly patients remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate irAE distribution, severity, and associated clinical factors in cancer patients aged ≥75 years. Methods: This retrospective observational study included all consecutive cancer patients aged ≥75 years who received ICIs at our institution during the study period. All 60 eligible patients experienced at least one irAE. Demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment details, steroid requirement, and treatment continuation status were recorded. Adverse events were graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). Descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-square tests, and Classification and Regression Tree (CRT) analysis were performed. Results: Endocrine toxicities were most frequent (18.3%), followed by renal toxicities (15.0%). Cutaneous, neurological, and pulmonary toxicities each occurred in 10.0% of patients. No significant associations were observed between irAE grade and age, sex, treatment line, ICI type, or treatment cycle at onset (p > 0.05). Steroid requirement was significantly associated with irAE grade (χ² = 24.061, p < 0.001), whereas treatment continuation status was not (χ² = 7.657, p = 0.105). Conclusion: ICIs demonstrated a spectrum of irAEs requiring clinical management in elderly patients. Demographic factors were not significantly associated with toxicity severity, whereas steroid requirement was associated with higher toxicity grades. These findings contribute to characterizing irAEs in elderly patients; however, larger prospective studies are needed to clarify immunotherapy safety in this population.

Objective: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) has become the standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer. To evaluate the effectiveness of NACT, the Mandard tumor regression grade (TRG) has been widely studied. However, research has yielded mixed results regarding the correlation between TRG and lymph node involvement post-treatment, as well as its impact on overall survival (OS). This study aims to investigate the association between TRG and lymph node involvement and to explore its relationship with disease-free survival (DFS). Material and Methods: This study included 50 patients newly diagnosed with advanced rectal cancer, treated at the Ege University Medical Oncology outpatient clinic between June 2016 and June 2023. Patients were categorized into two groups based on Mandard’s classification: TRG 1+2 (good response) and TRG 3+4+5 (poor response). Since no patients achieved complete response corresponding to TRG 5, this grade was excluded from the analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 28.0. Results: No significant correlation was found between TRG and ypT stage. However, a significant correlation was observed between TRG and both ypN stage and overall disease stage, with TRG III-IV groups demonstrating significantly higher ypN stages and disease stages (p = 0.013). The number of lymph nodes involved was significantly greater in the TRG III-IV group. The complete response rate was significantly lower in the TRG III-IV group compared to the TRG I-II group (p = 0.011). No significant association was found between TRG and other clinical characteristics (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that TRG is associated with lymph node involvement, indicating that the tumor’s response to chemoradiation parallels that of lymph node metastases. However, no significant relationship was observed between TRG and ypT stage, DFS, or OS. These results highlight the need for additional prognostic components within the TRG system. While the Mandard TRG system remains convenient and reliable, further understanding of the tumor’s multilayered structure and morphology may enhance its prognostic utility.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different systemic therapies after CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy on survival outcomes in HR+/HER2− metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients. Methods: In this retrospective multicenter study, patients who continued chemotherapy (CT), everolimus + endocrine therapy (HT), and other hormonotherapy after treatment with a CDK4/6 inhibitor were compared. Clinicopathological data and survival outcomes were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS v25 program, survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan–Meier method, and comparisons were made using the log-rank test. Results: A total of 145 patients were included in the study. The groups were similar in terms of baseline characteristics such as age, menopausal status, histology, stage, adjuvant treatment status, and metastatic spread pattern. The rate of recurrent disease was significantly higher in the CT and Everolimus + HT groups compared to the “Other” group (p = 0.027). However, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of PFS and OS in the general population (p > 0.05). In subgroup analyses, OS was significantly longer in the everolimus + HT group compared to the CT group in those with recurrence duration ≥ 1 year and stable disease course > 6 months during CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment (p = 0.010 and p = 0.039). Conclusions: Although there was no significant difference in overall survival regarding the choice of treatment after a CDK4/6 inhibitor, everolimus + endocrine therapy was observed to have a positive effect on survival in some subgroups. This finding supports individualized treatment.