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Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé
School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Fo Cheng Xi Road 8, Nanjing, 211100, China

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Short communication
Published: 27 April 2021 in Chemosphere
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The global effort to mitigate the impact of environmental pollution has led to the use of various types of metallic iron (Fe(0)) in the remediation of soil and groundwater as well as in the treatment of industrial and municipal effluents. During the past three decades, hundreds of scientific publications have controversially discussed the mechanism of contaminant removal in Fe(0)/H2O systems, with the large majority considering Fe(0) to be oxidized by contaminants of concern. This view assumes that contaminant reduction is the cathodic reaction occurring simultaneously with Fe0 oxidative dissolution (anodic reaction). This view contradicts the century-old theory of the electrochemical nature of aqueous iron corrosion and hinders progress in designing efficient and sustainable remediation Fe(0)/H2O systems. The aim of the present communication is to demonstrate the fallacy of the current prevailing view based on articles published before 1910. It is shown that properly reviewing the literature would have avoided the mistake. Going back to the roots is recommended as the way forward and should be considered first while designing laboratory experiments.

ACS Style

Viet Cao; Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Rui Hu; Willis Gwenzi; Chicgoua Noubactep. The mechanism of contaminant removal in Fe(0)/H2O systems: The burden of a poor literature review. Chemosphere 2021, 280, 130614 .

AMA Style

Viet Cao, Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé, Rui Hu, Willis Gwenzi, Chicgoua Noubactep. The mechanism of contaminant removal in Fe(0)/H2O systems: The burden of a poor literature review. Chemosphere. 2021; 280 ():130614.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Viet Cao; Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Rui Hu; Willis Gwenzi; Chicgoua Noubactep. 2021. "The mechanism of contaminant removal in Fe(0)/H2O systems: The burden of a poor literature review." Chemosphere 280, no. : 130614.

Review
Published: 12 August 2020 in Processes
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The technology of using metallic iron (Fe0) for in situ generation of iron oxides for water treatment is a very old one. The Fe0 remediation technology has been re-discovered in the framework of groundwater remediation using permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). Despite its simplicity, the improvement of Fe0 PRBs is fraught with difficulties regarding their operating modes. The literature dealing with Fe0 remediation contains ambiguities regarding its invention and its development. The present paper examines the sequence of contributions prior to the advent of Fe0 PRBs in order to clarify the seemingly complex picture. To achieve this, the current paper addresses the following questions: (i) What were the motivations of various authors in developing their respective innovations over the years?, (ii) what are the ancient achievements which can accelerate progress in knowledge for the development of Fe0 PRBs?, and (iii) was Fe0 really used for the removal of organic species for the first time in the 1970s? A careful examination of ancient works reveals that: (i) The wrong questions were asked during the past three decades, as Fe0 was premised as a reducing agent, (ii) credit for using Fe0 for water treatment belongs to no individual scientist, and (iii) credit for the use of Fe0 in filtration systems for safe drinking water provision belongs to scientists from the 1850s, while credit for the use of Fe0 for the removal of aqueous organic species does not belong to the pioneers of the Fe0 PRB technology. However, it was these pioneers who exploited Fe0 for groundwater remediation, thereby extending its potential. Complementing recent achievements with the chemistry of the Fe0/H2O system would facilitate the design of more sustainable Fe0-remediation systems.

ACS Style

Viet Cao; Huichen Yang; Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Rui Hu; Willis Gwenzi; Chicgoua Noubactep. Tracing the Scientific History of Fe0-Based Environmental Remediation Prior to the Advent of Permeable Reactive Barriers. Processes 2020, 8, 977 .

AMA Style

Viet Cao, Huichen Yang, Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé, Rui Hu, Willis Gwenzi, Chicgoua Noubactep. Tracing the Scientific History of Fe0-Based Environmental Remediation Prior to the Advent of Permeable Reactive Barriers. Processes. 2020; 8 (8):977.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Viet Cao; Huichen Yang; Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Rui Hu; Willis Gwenzi; Chicgoua Noubactep. 2020. "Tracing the Scientific History of Fe0-Based Environmental Remediation Prior to the Advent of Permeable Reactive Barriers." Processes 8, no. 8: 977.

Concept paper
Published: 26 June 2020 in Processes
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The ambitious United Nations Sustainable Development Goal for 2030 to “leave no one behind” concerning safe drinking water calls for the development of universally applicable and affordable decentralized treatment systems to provide safe drinking water. Published results suggest that well-designed biological sand filters (BSFs) amended with metallic iron (Fe0-BSFs) have the potential to achieve this goal. Fe0-BSFs quantitatively remove pathogens and a myriad of chemical pollutants. The available data were achieved under various operating conditions. A comparison of independent research results is almost impossible, especially because the used Fe0 materials are not characterized for their intrinsic reactivity. This communication summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge on designing Fe0-BSFs for households and small communities. The results show that significant research progress has been made on Fe0-BSFs. However, well-designed laboratory and field experiments are required to improve the available knowledge in order to develop the next generation of adaptable and scalable designs of Fe0-BSFs in only two years. Tools to alleviate the permeability loss, the preferential flow, and the use of exhausted filters are presented.

ACS Style

Huichen Yang; Rui Hu; Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Willis Gwenzi; Hans Ruppert; Chicgoua Noubactep. Designing the Next Generation of Fe0-Based Filters for Decentralized Safe Drinking Water Treatment: A Conceptual Framework. Processes 2020, 8, 745 .

AMA Style

Huichen Yang, Rui Hu, Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé, Willis Gwenzi, Hans Ruppert, Chicgoua Noubactep. Designing the Next Generation of Fe0-Based Filters for Decentralized Safe Drinking Water Treatment: A Conceptual Framework. Processes. 2020; 8 (6):745.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huichen Yang; Rui Hu; Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Willis Gwenzi; Hans Ruppert; Chicgoua Noubactep. 2020. "Designing the Next Generation of Fe0-Based Filters for Decentralized Safe Drinking Water Treatment: A Conceptual Framework." Processes 8, no. 6: 745.

Journal article
Published: 27 May 2020 in Water
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Metallic iron (Fe0) has been demonstrated as an excellent material for decentralized safe drinking water provision, wastewater treatment and environmental remediation. An open issue for all these applications is the rational material selection or quality assurance. Several methods for assessing Fe0 quality have been presented, but all of them are limited to characterizing its initial reactivity. The present study investigates H2 evolution in an acidic solution (pH 2.0) as an alternative method, while comparing achieved results to those of uranium removal in quiescent batch experiments at neutral pH values. The unique feature of the H2 evolution experiment is that quantitative H2 production ceased when the pH reached a value of 3.1. A total of twelve Fe0 specimens were tested. The volume of molecular H2 produced by 2.0 g of each Fe0 specimen in 560 mL H2SO4 (0.01 M) was monitored for 24 h. Additionally, the extent of U(VI) (0.084 mM) removal from an aqueous solution (20.0 mL) by 0.1 g of Fe0 was characterized. All U removal experiments were performed at room temperature (22 ± 2 °C) for 14 days. Results demonstrated the difficulty of comparing Fe0 specimens from different sources and confirmed that the elemental composition of Fe0 is not a stand-alone determining factor for reactivity. The time-dependent changes of H2 evolution in H2SO4 confirmed that tests in the neutral pH range just address the initial reactivity of Fe0 materials. In particular, materials initially reacting very fast would experience a decrease in reactivity in the long-term, and this aspect must be incorporated in designing novel materials and sustainable remediation systems. An idea is proposed that could enable the manufacturing of intrinsically long-term efficient Fe0 materials for targeted operations as a function of the geochemistry.

ACS Style

Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Rui Hu; Willis Gwenzi; Achille Nassi; Chicgoua Noubactep. Characterizing the Reactivity of Metallic Iron for Water Treatment: H2 Evolution in H2SO4 and Uranium Removal Efficiency. Water 2020, 12, 1523 .

AMA Style

Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé, Rui Hu, Willis Gwenzi, Achille Nassi, Chicgoua Noubactep. Characterizing the Reactivity of Metallic Iron for Water Treatment: H2 Evolution in H2SO4 and Uranium Removal Efficiency. Water. 2020; 12 (6):1523.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Rui Hu; Willis Gwenzi; Achille Nassi; Chicgoua Noubactep. 2020. "Characterizing the Reactivity of Metallic Iron for Water Treatment: H2 Evolution in H2SO4 and Uranium Removal Efficiency." Water 12, no. 6: 1523.

Review
Published: 27 February 2020 in Water
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A critical survey of the abundant literature on environmental remediation and water treatment using metallic iron (Fe0) as reactive agent raises two major concerns: (i) the peculiar properties of the used materials are not properly considered and characterized, and, (ii) the literature review in individual publications is very selective, thereby excluding some fundamental principles. Fe0 specimens for water treatment are typically small in size. Before the advent of this technology and its application for environmental remediation, such small Fe0 particles have never been allowed to freely corrode for the long-term spanning several years. As concerning the selective literature review, the root cause is that Fe0 was considered as a (strong) reducing agent under environmental conditions. Subsequent interpretation of research results was mainly directed at supporting this mistaken view. The net result is that, within three decades, the Fe0 research community has developed itself to a sort of modern knowledge system. This communication is a further attempt to bring Fe0 research back to the highway of mainstream corrosion science, where the fundamentals of Fe0 technology are rooted. The inherent errors of selected approaches, currently considered as countermeasures to address the inherent limitations of the Fe0 technology are demonstrated. The misuse of the terms “reactivity”, and “efficiency”, and adsorption kinetics and isotherm models for Fe0 systems is also elucidated. The immense importance of Fe0/H2O systems in solving the long-lasting issue of universal safe drinking water provision and wastewater treatment calls for a science-based system design.

ACS Style

Rui Hu; Huichen Yang; Ran Tao; Xuesong Cui; Minhui Xiao; Bernard Konadu Amoah; Viet Cao; Mesia Lufingo; Naomi Paloma Soppa-Sangue; Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Nadège Gatcha-Bandjun; Viviane Raïssa Sipowo-Tala; Willis Gwenzi; Chicgoua Noubactep. Metallic Iron for Environmental Remediation: Starting an Overdue Progress in Knowledge. Water 2020, 12, 641 .

AMA Style

Rui Hu, Huichen Yang, Ran Tao, Xuesong Cui, Minhui Xiao, Bernard Konadu Amoah, Viet Cao, Mesia Lufingo, Naomi Paloma Soppa-Sangue, Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé, Nadège Gatcha-Bandjun, Viviane Raïssa Sipowo-Tala, Willis Gwenzi, Chicgoua Noubactep. Metallic Iron for Environmental Remediation: Starting an Overdue Progress in Knowledge. Water. 2020; 12 (3):641.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rui Hu; Huichen Yang; Ran Tao; Xuesong Cui; Minhui Xiao; Bernard Konadu Amoah; Viet Cao; Mesia Lufingo; Naomi Paloma Soppa-Sangue; Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Nadège Gatcha-Bandjun; Viviane Raïssa Sipowo-Tala; Willis Gwenzi; Chicgoua Noubactep. 2020. "Metallic Iron for Environmental Remediation: Starting an Overdue Progress in Knowledge." Water 12, no. 3: 641.

Journal article
Published: 26 February 2020 in Processes
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Studies were undertaken to characterize the intrinsic reactivity of Fe0-bearing steel wool (Fe0 SW) materials using the ethylenediaminetetraacetate method (EDTA test). A 2 mM Na2-EDTA solution was used in batch and column leaching experiments. A total of 15 Fe0 SW specimens and one granular iron (GI) were tested in batch experiments. Column experiments were performed with four Fe0 SW of the same grade but from various suppliers and the GI. The conventional EDTA test (0.100 g Fe0, 50 mL EDTA, 96 h) protocol was modified in two manners: (i) Decreasing the experimental duration (down to 24 h) and (ii) decreasing the Fe0 mass (down to 0.01 g). Column leaching studies involved glass columns filled to 1/4 with sand, on top of which 0.50 g of Fe0 was placed. Columns were daily gravity fed with EDTA and effluent analyzed for Fe concentration. Selected reactive Fe0 SW specimens were additionally investigated for discoloration efficiency of methylene blue (MB) in shaken batch experiments (75 rpm) for two and eight weeks. The last series of experiments tested six selected Fe0 SW for water defluoridation in Fe0/sand columns. Results showed that (i) the modifications of the conventional EDTA test enabled a better characterization of Fe0 SW; (ii) after 53 leaching events the Fe0 SW showing the best kEDTA value released the lowest amount of iron; (iii) all Fe0 specimens were efficient at discoloring cationic MB after eight weeks; (iv) limited water defluoridation by all six Fe0 SW was documented. Fluoride removal in the column systems appears to be a viable tool to characterize the Fe0 long-term corrosion kinetics. Further research should include correlation of the intrinsic reactivity of SW specimens with their efficiency at removing different contaminants in water.

ACS Style

Benjamin Hildebrant; Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Mesia Lufingo; Tobias Licha; Chicgoua Noubactep. Steel Wool for Water Treatment: Intrinsic Reactivity and Defluoridation Efficiency. Processes 2020, 8, 265 .

AMA Style

Benjamin Hildebrant, Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé, Mesia Lufingo, Tobias Licha, Chicgoua Noubactep. Steel Wool for Water Treatment: Intrinsic Reactivity and Defluoridation Efficiency. Processes. 2020; 8 (3):265.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benjamin Hildebrant; Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Mesia Lufingo; Tobias Licha; Chicgoua Noubactep. 2020. "Steel Wool for Water Treatment: Intrinsic Reactivity and Defluoridation Efficiency." Processes 8, no. 3: 265.

Journal article
Published: 17 December 2019 in Processes
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This study characterizes the decrease of the hydraulic conductivity (permeability loss) of a metallic iron-based household water filter (Fe0 filter) for a duration of 12 months. A commercial steel wool (SW) is used as Fe0 source. The Fe0 unit containing 300 g of SW was sandwiched between two conventional biological sand filters (BSFs). The working solution was slightly turbid natural well water polluted with pathogens (total coliform = 1950 UFC mL−1) and contaminated with nitrate ([NO3−] = 24.0 mg L−1). The system was monitored twice per month for pH value, removal of nitrate, coliforms, and turbidity, the iron concentration, as well as the permeability loss. Results revealed a quantitative removal of coliform (>99%), nitrate (>99%) and turbidity (>96%). The whole column effluent depicted drinking water quality. The permeability loss after one year of operation was about 40%, and the filter was still producing 200 L of drinking water per day at a flow velocity of 12.5 L h−1. A progressive increase of the effluent pH value was also recorded from about 5.0 (influent) to 8.4 at the end of the experiment. The effluent iron concentration was constantly lower than 0.2 mg L−1, which is within the drinking-water quality standards. This study presents an affordable design that can be one-to-one translated into the real world to accelerate the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals for safe drinking water.

ACS Style

Raoul Tepong-Tsindé; Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Chicgoua Noubactep; Achille Nassi; Hans Ruppert. Characterizing a Newly Designed Steel-Wool-Based Household Filter for Safe Drinking Water Provision: Hydraulic Conductivity and Efficiency for Pathogen Removal. Processes 2019, 7, 966 .

AMA Style

Raoul Tepong-Tsindé, Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé, Chicgoua Noubactep, Achille Nassi, Hans Ruppert. Characterizing a Newly Designed Steel-Wool-Based Household Filter for Safe Drinking Water Provision: Hydraulic Conductivity and Efficiency for Pathogen Removal. Processes. 2019; 7 (12):966.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raoul Tepong-Tsindé; Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Chicgoua Noubactep; Achille Nassi; Hans Ruppert. 2019. "Characterizing a Newly Designed Steel-Wool-Based Household Filter for Safe Drinking Water Provision: Hydraulic Conductivity and Efficiency for Pathogen Removal." Processes 7, no. 12: 966.

Journal article
Published: 23 November 2019 in Water
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Metallic iron (Fe0) materials have been industrially used for water treatment since the 1850s. There are still many fundamental challenges in affordably and reliably characterizing the Fe0 intrinsic reactivity. From the available methods, the one using Fe0 dissolution in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA—2 mM) was demonstrated the most applicable as it uses only four affordable chemicals: Ascorbic acid, an ascorbate salt, EDTA and 1,10-Phenanthroline (Phen). A careful look at these chemicals reveals that EDTA and Phen are complexing agents for dissolved iron species. Fe3-EDTA is very stable and difficult to destabilize; ascorbic acid is one of the few appropriate reducing agents, therefore. On the other hand, the Fe2-Phen complex is so stable that oxidation by dissolved O2 is not possible. This article positively tests Fe0 (0.1 g) dissolution in 2 mM Phen (50 mL) as a characterization tool for the intrinsic reactivity, using 9 commercial steel wool (Fe0 SW) specimens as probe materials. The results are compared with those obtained by the EDTA method. The apparent iron dissolution rate in EDTA (kEDTA) and in Phen (kPhen) were such that 0.53 ≤ kEDTA (μg h−1) ≤ 4.81 and 0.07 ≤ kPhen (μg h−1) ≤ 1.30. Higher kEDTA values, relative to kPhen, are a reflection of disturbing Fe3 species originating from Fe2 oxidation by dissolved O2 and dissolution of iron corrosion products. It appears that the Phen method considers only the forward dissolution of Fe0. The Phen method is reliable and represents the most affordable approach for characterizing the suitability of Fe0 for water treatment.

ACS Style

Mesia Lufingo; Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Rui Hu; Karoli N. Njau; Chicgoua Noubactep. A Novel and Facile Method to Characterize the Suitability of Metallic Iron for Water Treatment. Water 2019, 11, 2465 .

AMA Style

Mesia Lufingo, Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé, Rui Hu, Karoli N. Njau, Chicgoua Noubactep. A Novel and Facile Method to Characterize the Suitability of Metallic Iron for Water Treatment. Water. 2019; 11 (12):2465.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mesia Lufingo; Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Rui Hu; Karoli N. Njau; Chicgoua Noubactep. 2019. "A Novel and Facile Method to Characterize the Suitability of Metallic Iron for Water Treatment." Water 11, no. 12: 2465.

Journal article
Published: 28 January 2019 in Sustainability
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Studies were undertaken to determine the reasons why published information regarding the efficiency of metallic iron (Fe0) for water treatment is conflicting and even confusing. The reactivity of eight Fe0 materials was characterized by Fe dissolution in a dilute solution of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Na2–EDTA; 2 mM). Both batch (4 days) and column (100 days) experiments were used. A total of 30 different systems were characterized for the extent of Fe release in EDTA. The effects of Fe0 type (granular iron, iron nails and steel wool) and pretreatment procedure (socking in acetone, EDTA, H2O, HCl and NaCl for 17 h) were assessed. The results roughly show an increased iron dissolution with increasing reactive sites (decreasing particle size: wool > filings > nails), but there were large differences between materials from the same group. The main output of this work is that available results are hardly comparable as they were achieved under very different experimental conditions. A conceptual framework is presented for future research directed towards a more processed understanding.

ACS Style

Rui Hu; Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Mesia Lufingo; Minhui Xiao; Achille Nassi; Chicgoua Noubactep; Karoli N. Njau. The Impact of Selected Pretreatment Procedures on Iron Dissolution from Metallic Iron Specimens Used in Water Treatment. Sustainability 2019, 11, 671 .

AMA Style

Rui Hu, Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé, Mesia Lufingo, Minhui Xiao, Achille Nassi, Chicgoua Noubactep, Karoli N. Njau. The Impact of Selected Pretreatment Procedures on Iron Dissolution from Metallic Iron Specimens Used in Water Treatment. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (3):671.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rui Hu; Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Mesia Lufingo; Minhui Xiao; Achille Nassi; Chicgoua Noubactep; Karoli N. Njau. 2019. "The Impact of Selected Pretreatment Procedures on Iron Dissolution from Metallic Iron Specimens Used in Water Treatment." Sustainability 11, no. 3: 671.

Concept paper
Published: 12 January 2019 in Water
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Fluorosis has been prevalent in the great East African Rift Valley (EARV) since before this region was given a name. In the Tanganyika days, Germans reported elevated fluoride concentrations in natural waters. In the 1930s, the clear relationship between high fluoride level and mottling of teeth was established. Since then, the global research community has engaged in the battle to provide fluoride-free drinking water, and the battle is not yet won for low-income communities. An applicable concept for fluoride-free drinking water in the EARV was recently presented, using the Kilimanjaro as a rainwater harvesting park. The Kilimanjaro concept implies that rainwater is harvested, stored on the Kilimanjaro mountains, gravity-transported to the point of use, eventually blended with natural water and treated for distribution. This article provides a roadmap for the implementation of the Kilimanjaro concept in Tanzania. Specifically, the current paper addresses the following: (i) presents updated nationwide information on fluoride contaminated areas, (ii) discusses the quality and quantity of rainwater, and current rainwater harvesting practices in Tanzania, (iii) highlights how low-cost water filters based on Fe0/biochar can be integrating into rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems to provide clean drinking water, and (iv) discusses the need for strict regulation of RWH practices to optimize water collection and storage, while simplifying the water treatment chain, and recommends strict analytical monitoring of water quality and public education to sustain public health in the EARV. In summary, it is demonstrated that, by combining rainwater harvesting and low-cots water treatment methods, the Kilimanjaro concept has the potential to provide clean drinking water, and overcome fluorosis on a long-term basis. However, a detailed design process is required to determine: (i) institutional roles, and community contributions and participation, (ii) optimal location and sizing of conveyance and storage facilities to avoid excessive pumping costs, and (iii) project funding mechanisms, including prospects for government subsidy. By drawing attention to the Kilimanjaro concept, the article calls for African engineers and scientists to take the lead in translating this concept into reality for the benefit of public health, while simultaneously increasing their self-confidence to address other developmental challenges pervasive in Africa.

ACS Style

Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Raoul Tepong-Tsindé; Mesia Lufingo; Zuleikha Pembe-Ali; Innocent Lugodisha; Risala Iddi Mureth; Mihayo Nkinda; Janeth Marwa; Willis Gwenzi; Tulinave Burton Mwamila; Mohammad Azizur Rahman; Chicgoua Noubactep; Karoli N. Njau. White Teeth and Healthy Skeletons for All: The Path to Universal Fluoride-Free Drinking Water in Tanzania. Water 2019, 11, 131 .

AMA Style

Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé, Raoul Tepong-Tsindé, Mesia Lufingo, Zuleikha Pembe-Ali, Innocent Lugodisha, Risala Iddi Mureth, Mihayo Nkinda, Janeth Marwa, Willis Gwenzi, Tulinave Burton Mwamila, Mohammad Azizur Rahman, Chicgoua Noubactep, Karoli N. Njau. White Teeth and Healthy Skeletons for All: The Path to Universal Fluoride-Free Drinking Water in Tanzania. Water. 2019; 11 (1):131.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Raoul Tepong-Tsindé; Mesia Lufingo; Zuleikha Pembe-Ali; Innocent Lugodisha; Risala Iddi Mureth; Mihayo Nkinda; Janeth Marwa; Willis Gwenzi; Tulinave Burton Mwamila; Mohammad Azizur Rahman; Chicgoua Noubactep; Karoli N. Njau. 2019. "White Teeth and Healthy Skeletons for All: The Path to Universal Fluoride-Free Drinking Water in Tanzania." Water 11, no. 1: 131.

Communication
Published: 02 May 2018 in Water
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Efficient but affordable water treatment technologies are currently sought to solve the prevalent shortage of safe drinking water. Adsorption-based technologies are in the front-line of these efforts. Upon proper design, universally applied materials (e.g., activated carbons, bone chars, metal oxides) are able to quantitatively remove inorganic and organic pollutants as well as pathogens from water. Each water filter has a defined removal capacity and must be replaced when this capacity is exhausted. Operational experience has shown that it may be difficult to convince some low-skilled users to buy new filters after a predicted service life. This communication describes the quest to develop a filter-clock to encourage all users to change their filters after the designed service life. A brief discussion on such a filter-clock based on rusting of metallic iron (Fe0) is presented. Integrating such filter-clocks in the design of water filters is regarded as essential for safeguarding public health.

ACS Style

Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Mesia Lufingo; Rui Hu; Willis Gwenzi; Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe; Chicgoua Noubactep; Karoli N. Njau. Avoiding the Use of Exhausted Drinking Water Filters: A Filter-Clock Based on Rusting Iron. Water 2018, 10, 591 .

AMA Style

Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé, Mesia Lufingo, Rui Hu, Willis Gwenzi, Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe, Chicgoua Noubactep, Karoli N. Njau. Avoiding the Use of Exhausted Drinking Water Filters: A Filter-Clock Based on Rusting Iron. Water. 2018; 10 (5):591.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Mesia Lufingo; Rui Hu; Willis Gwenzi; Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe; Chicgoua Noubactep; Karoli N. Njau. 2018. "Avoiding the Use of Exhausted Drinking Water Filters: A Filter-Clock Based on Rusting Iron." Water 10, no. 5: 591.

Journal article
Published: 02 April 2018 in Water
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Continuous gravity-fed column experiments using the methylene blue (MB) discoloration method were performed to characterize the suitability of a pozzolan (PZ) specimen as alternative admixing aggregate for metallic iron filters (Fe0-filters). Investigated systems were: (i) pure sand, (ii) pure PZ, (iii) pure Fe0, (iv) Fe0/sand, (v) Fe0/PZ, and (vi) Fe0/sand/PZ. The volumetric proportion of Fe0 was 25%. The volumetric proportions of the Fe0/sand/PZ system was 25/45/30. The initial MB concentration was 2.0 mg·L−1, 6.0 g of Fe0 was used, and the experiments lasted for 46 days. The individual systems were fed with 3.9 to 8.4 L (7.80 to 16.69 mg of MB) and were characterized by the time-dependent changes of: (i) the pH value, (ii) the iron breakthrough, (iii) the MB breakthrough, and (iv) the hydraulic conductivity. Results showed that the Fe0/sand/PZ system was the most efficient. This ternary system was also the most permeable and therefore the most sustainable. The suitability of MB as a powerful operative indicator for the characterization of processes in the Fe0/H2O system was confirmed. The tested PZ is recommended as an alternative material for efficient but sustainable Fe0 filters.

ACS Style

Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Suzanne Makota; Achille Nassi; Rui Hu; Chicgoua Noubactep. The Suitability of Pozzolan as Admixing Aggregate for Fe0-Based Filters. Water 2018, 10, 417 .

AMA Style

Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé, Suzanne Makota, Achille Nassi, Rui Hu, Chicgoua Noubactep. The Suitability of Pozzolan as Admixing Aggregate for Fe0-Based Filters. Water. 2018; 10 (4):417.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Suzanne Makota; Achille Nassi; Rui Hu; Chicgoua Noubactep. 2018. "The Suitability of Pozzolan as Admixing Aggregate for Fe0-Based Filters." Water 10, no. 4: 417.

Concept paper
Published: 12 July 2017 in Sustainability
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Metallic iron (Fe0)-based filtration systems have the potential to significantly contribute to the achievement of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of substantially improving the human condition by 2030 through the provision of clean water. Recent knowledge on Fe0-based safe drinking water filters is addressed herein. They are categorized into two types: Household and community filters. Design criteria are recalled and operational details are given. Scientists are invited to co-develop knowledge enabling the exploitation of the great potential of Fe0 filters for sustainable safe drinking water provision (and sanitation).

ACS Style

Elham Naseri; Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Hezron T. Mwakabona; Charles Péguy Nanseu-Njiki; Chicgoua Noubactep; Karoli N. Njau; Kerstin D. Wydra. Making Fe0-Based Filters a Universal Solution for Safe Drinking Water Provision. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1224 .

AMA Style

Elham Naseri, Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé, Hezron T. Mwakabona, Charles Péguy Nanseu-Njiki, Chicgoua Noubactep, Karoli N. Njau, Kerstin D. Wydra. Making Fe0-Based Filters a Universal Solution for Safe Drinking Water Provision. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (7):1224.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elham Naseri; Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé; Hezron T. Mwakabona; Charles Péguy Nanseu-Njiki; Chicgoua Noubactep; Karoli N. Njau; Kerstin D. Wydra. 2017. "Making Fe0-Based Filters a Universal Solution for Safe Drinking Water Provision." Sustainability 9, no. 7: 1224.