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Melbi Mahardika
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, 35365 South Lampung, Indonesia

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Research article
Published: 31 March 2021 in International Journal of Polymer Science
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As a contribution to the growing demand for environmentally friendly food packaging films, this work produced and characterized a biocomposite of disintegrated bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers and tapioca starch/chitosan-based films. Ultrasonication dispersed all fillers throughout the film homogeneously. The highest fraction of dried BC nanofibers (0.136 g) in the film resulted in the maximum tensile strength of 4.7 MPa. 0.136 g BC nanofiber addition to the tapioca starch/chitosan matrix increased the thermal resistance (the temperature of maximum decomposition rate from 307 to 317°C), moisture resistance (after 8 h) by 8.9%, and water vapor barrier (24 h) by 27%. All chitosan-based films displayed antibacterial activity. This characterization suggests that this environmentally friendly edible biocomposite film is a potential candidate for applications in food packaging.

ACS Style

Hairul Abral; Angga Bahri Pratama; Dian Handayani; Melbi Mahardika; Ibtisamatul Aminah; Neny Sandrawati; Eni Sugiarti; Ahmad Novi Muslimin; S. M. Sapuan; R. A. Ilyas. Antimicrobial Edible Film Prepared from Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers/Starch/Chitosan for a Food Packaging Alternative. International Journal of Polymer Science 2021, 2021, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Hairul Abral, Angga Bahri Pratama, Dian Handayani, Melbi Mahardika, Ibtisamatul Aminah, Neny Sandrawati, Eni Sugiarti, Ahmad Novi Muslimin, S. M. Sapuan, R. A. Ilyas. Antimicrobial Edible Film Prepared from Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers/Starch/Chitosan for a Food Packaging Alternative. International Journal of Polymer Science. 2021; 2021 ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hairul Abral; Angga Bahri Pratama; Dian Handayani; Melbi Mahardika; Ibtisamatul Aminah; Neny Sandrawati; Eni Sugiarti; Ahmad Novi Muslimin; S. M. Sapuan; R. A. Ilyas. 2021. "Antimicrobial Edible Film Prepared from Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers/Starch/Chitosan for a Food Packaging Alternative." International Journal of Polymer Science 2021, no. : 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2020 in Journal of Materials Research and Technology
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Cellulose-based nanopaper with high moisture and thermal resistance and high tensile properties has many applications in the food packaging industry, electronics, and biosensors. The objective of the present work is to produce and characterize the disintegrated bacterial cellulose-based nanopaper film and its ZnO bionanocomposite prepared without and with compression. Addition of ZnO nanoparticles into nanopaper and compression improved the tensile and thermal properties and moisture resistance of the bionanocomposite. Compressed nanopaper film with 1.2 wt% ZnO had the highest tensile strength (TS) of 94.2 MPa and tensile modulus (TM) of 10.1 GPa. These TS and TM values were 109% and 172% higher than those of non-compressed film due to an increase in the crystal structure. Surprisingly this bionanocomposite also demonstrates higher elongation at break in comparison to the nanopaper film. All samples show good rollability and bendability. Compressed bionanocomposite had higher moisture resistance than non-compressed one. This work promotes an environmentally friendly bionanocomposite film which has good potential for food packaging applications.

ACS Style

Hairul Abral; Nural Fajri; Melbi Mahardika; Dian Handayani; Eni Sugiarti; Hyun-Joong Kim. A simple strategy in enhancing moisture and thermal resistance and tensile properties of disintegrated bacterial cellulose nanopaper. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2020, 9, 8754 -8765.

AMA Style

Hairul Abral, Nural Fajri, Melbi Mahardika, Dian Handayani, Eni Sugiarti, Hyun-Joong Kim. A simple strategy in enhancing moisture and thermal resistance and tensile properties of disintegrated bacterial cellulose nanopaper. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2020; 9 (4):8754-8765.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hairul Abral; Nural Fajri; Melbi Mahardika; Dian Handayani; Eni Sugiarti; Hyun-Joong Kim. 2020. "A simple strategy in enhancing moisture and thermal resistance and tensile properties of disintegrated bacterial cellulose nanopaper." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 9, no. 4: 8754-8765.

Journal article
Published: 21 April 2020 in Carbohydrate Polymers
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Transparent film with high thermal resistance and antimicrobial properties has many applications in the food packaging industry particularly packaging for reheatable food. This work investigates the effects of heat treatment on the thermal resistance, stability of transparency and antimicrobial activity of transparent cellulose film. The film from ginger nanocellulose fibers was prepared with chemicals and ultrasonication. The dried film was heated at 150 °C for 30, 60, 90, or 120 min. The unheated and sonicated film had the lowest crystallinity index and the lowest thermal properties. After heating, the film became brownish-yellow resulting from thermal oxidation. The reheated film had higher thermal resistance than unheated film. Heating led to further relaxation of cellulose network evidenced by shifting of the XRD peak positions toward lower values. The antimicrobial activity decreased due to heating. Average opacity value increases after short heating durations. It was relatively stable for further heating.

ACS Style

Hairul Abral; Jeri Ariksa; Melbi Mahardika; Dian Handayani; Ibtisamatul Aminah; Neny Sandrawati; Eni Sugiarti; Ahmad Novi Muslimin; Santi Dewi Rosanti. Effect of heat treatment on thermal resistance, transparency and antimicrobial activity of sonicated ginger cellulose film. Carbohydrate Polymers 2020, 240, 116287 .

AMA Style

Hairul Abral, Jeri Ariksa, Melbi Mahardika, Dian Handayani, Ibtisamatul Aminah, Neny Sandrawati, Eni Sugiarti, Ahmad Novi Muslimin, Santi Dewi Rosanti. Effect of heat treatment on thermal resistance, transparency and antimicrobial activity of sonicated ginger cellulose film. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2020; 240 ():116287.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hairul Abral; Jeri Ariksa; Melbi Mahardika; Dian Handayani; Ibtisamatul Aminah; Neny Sandrawati; Eni Sugiarti; Ahmad Novi Muslimin; Santi Dewi Rosanti. 2020. "Effect of heat treatment on thermal resistance, transparency and antimicrobial activity of sonicated ginger cellulose film." Carbohydrate Polymers 240, no. : 116287.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2020 in Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
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ACS Style

Melda Taspika; Resetiana Dwi Desiati; Melbi Mahardika; Eni Sugiarti; Hairul Abral. Influence of TiO2/Ag particles on the properties of chitosan film. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 2020, 11, 015017 .

AMA Style

Melda Taspika, Resetiana Dwi Desiati, Melbi Mahardika, Eni Sugiarti, Hairul Abral. Influence of TiO2/Ag particles on the properties of chitosan film. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2020; 11 (1):015017.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Melda Taspika; Resetiana Dwi Desiati; Melbi Mahardika; Eni Sugiarti; Hairul Abral. 2020. "Influence of TiO2/Ag particles on the properties of chitosan film." Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 11, no. 1: 015017.

Journal article
Published: 07 January 2020 in Journal of Materials Research and Technology
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Many works reported a PVA based film prepared using ultrasonication, however, information on the effect of this treatment on changes of PVA’s properties is still limited. The main objective of this work was to study the effect of ultrasonication duration on the properties of PVA film. The PVA gel was sonicated using a 360 W ultrasonic probe for 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 min. Ultrasonication duration for 7.5 min results in a significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on an increase in tensile strength, but not on tensile modulus and strain at the break of the film. After this vibration duration, tensile strength increased by almost 29 %, strain at break decreased by 30 %, opacity decreased by 22 %, and water vapor permeability decreased by 11 %. On the other hand, moisture resistance decreased significantly (almost 12 %). The sonicated film underwent larger lattice strain and had higher crystal structure compared to non-sonicated film. This work informs that ultrasonication on PVA gel is a potential method to fulfil some properties of PVA film for food packaging material.

ACS Style

Hairul Abral; Arief Atmajaya; Melbi Mahardika; Fadli Hafizulhaq; Kadriadi; Dian Handayani; S.M. Sapuan; R.A. Ilyas. Effect of ultrasonication duration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel on characterizations of PVA film. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2020, 9, 2477 -2486.

AMA Style

Hairul Abral, Arief Atmajaya, Melbi Mahardika, Fadli Hafizulhaq, Kadriadi, Dian Handayani, S.M. Sapuan, R.A. Ilyas. Effect of ultrasonication duration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel on characterizations of PVA film. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2020; 9 (2):2477-2486.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hairul Abral; Arief Atmajaya; Melbi Mahardika; Fadli Hafizulhaq; Kadriadi; Dian Handayani; S.M. Sapuan; R.A. Ilyas. 2020. "Effect of ultrasonication duration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel on characterizations of PVA film." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 9, no. 2: 2477-2486.

Journal article
Published: 24 October 2019 in Polymer Testing
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The brittleness of thermoset unsaturated polyester (UP) limits its usefulness in many applications. Use of appropriate additives may improve the toughness of this material. The aim of this present study is to characterize the mechanical and thermal properties of the toughened UP and to relate these properties to the fracture surface morphology of the UP before and after adding various loadings of thermoset vinyl ester (VE) with 10% methyl methacrylate (MMA). VE loadings chosen were 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt%. UP mixed with 30%VE and 10%MMA displayed the best performance with a maximum impact strength of 314 kJ/m2, a 17.6% increase compared to that of neat UP. This sample also had the highest tensile strength of 64 MPa (an increase of 45.5%), higher elongation at the break of 13% (an increase of 27%), and higher thermal resistance. Addition of 30% VE and 10% MMA significantly improves a range of important properties of UP. This blend has a high potential to be used in UP resin applications where toughness is required.

ACS Style

Hairul Abral; Rahmat Fajrul; Melbi Mahardika; Dian Handayani; Eni Sugiarti; Ahmad Novi Muslimin; Santi Dewi Rosanti. Improving impact, tensile and thermal properties of thermoset unsaturated polyester via mixing with thermoset vinyl ester and methyl methacrylate. Polymer Testing 2019, 81, 106193 .

AMA Style

Hairul Abral, Rahmat Fajrul, Melbi Mahardika, Dian Handayani, Eni Sugiarti, Ahmad Novi Muslimin, Santi Dewi Rosanti. Improving impact, tensile and thermal properties of thermoset unsaturated polyester via mixing with thermoset vinyl ester and methyl methacrylate. Polymer Testing. 2019; 81 ():106193.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hairul Abral; Rahmat Fajrul; Melbi Mahardika; Dian Handayani; Eni Sugiarti; Ahmad Novi Muslimin; Santi Dewi Rosanti. 2019. "Improving impact, tensile and thermal properties of thermoset unsaturated polyester via mixing with thermoset vinyl ester and methyl methacrylate." Polymer Testing 81, no. : 106193.

Journal article
Published: 23 October 2019 in Polymer Testing
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Good transparency, antimicrobial, physical, and tensile properties of the biodegradable film can be necessary for food packaging. The aim of this study is to characterize these properties of the PVA/GF bionanocomposite film. This nanofiber of 0.21, 0.31 and 0.41 g in suspensions, was mixed with PVA gel using ultrasonication. After addition of ginger nanofibers, the bionanocomposite film shows antibacterial activity but does not have fungi activity. Increasing the nanofiber into PVA increases significantly in tensile properties, water vapour impermeability, and moisture resistance. Tensile strength, the temperature at maximum film decomposition, and moisture resistance (after 8 h) of the 0.41 g ginger nanofiber reinforced film were 44.2 MPa (increased by 65.6%), 349.4 °C (increased by 7%), and 6.1% (decreased by 18.7%), respectively compared to pure PVA. With this nanofiber loading, the transparency of the bionanocomposite film decreased slightly. These results suggest this bionanocomposite film has potential in food packaging in industrial applications.

ACS Style

Hairul Abral; Jeri Ariksa; Melbi Mahardika; Dian Handayani; Ibtisamatul Aminah; Neny Sandrawati; S.M. Sapuan; R.A. Ilyas. Highly transparent and antimicrobial PVA based bionanocomposites reinforced by ginger nanofiber. Polymer Testing 2019, 81, 106186 .

AMA Style

Hairul Abral, Jeri Ariksa, Melbi Mahardika, Dian Handayani, Ibtisamatul Aminah, Neny Sandrawati, S.M. Sapuan, R.A. Ilyas. Highly transparent and antimicrobial PVA based bionanocomposites reinforced by ginger nanofiber. Polymer Testing. 2019; 81 ():106186.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hairul Abral; Jeri Ariksa; Melbi Mahardika; Dian Handayani; Ibtisamatul Aminah; Neny Sandrawati; S.M. Sapuan; R.A. Ilyas. 2019. "Highly transparent and antimicrobial PVA based bionanocomposites reinforced by ginger nanofiber." Polymer Testing 81, no. : 106186.

Journal article
Published: 27 August 2019 in LWT - Food Science and Technology
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This paper reports on the effect of addition of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) from pineapple leaf on the properties of bengkoang starch bionanocomposite film prepared with ultrasonication. Starch, glycerol, and distilled water were mixed with 0.5, 0.1, 1.5 or 2 wt% of CNF. A gel made from this mixture was sonicated using an ultrasonic probe (600 W) for 5 min then cast in a petri dish. The addition of CNF resulted in a significant improvement (p ≤ 0.05) on the properties of the bionanocomposite. 2 wt% CNF loading led to a maximum tensile strength of 9.8 ± 0.8 MPa; 160% higher than film without fibers. The highest CNF loading resulted in the lowest moisture absorption and water vapor permeability, and highest thermal resistance of the bionanocomposite films tested. These improved characteristics were due to the ultrasonication dispersing the CNF homogeneously throughout the starch matrix and suggest that this CNF enhanced bionanocomposite could have commercial potential where there is a demand for products based on food-safe renewable raw materials.

ACS Style

Melbi Mahardika; Hairul Abral; Anwar Kasim; Syukri Arief; Fadli Hafizulhaq; Mochamad Asrofi. Properties of cellulose nanofiber/bengkoang starch bionanocomposites: Effect of fiber loading. LWT - Food Science and Technology 2019, 116, 108554 .

AMA Style

Melbi Mahardika, Hairul Abral, Anwar Kasim, Syukri Arief, Fadli Hafizulhaq, Mochamad Asrofi. Properties of cellulose nanofiber/bengkoang starch bionanocomposites: Effect of fiber loading. LWT - Food Science and Technology. 2019; 116 ():108554.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Melbi Mahardika; Hairul Abral; Anwar Kasim; Syukri Arief; Fadli Hafizulhaq; Mochamad Asrofi. 2019. "Properties of cellulose nanofiber/bengkoang starch bionanocomposites: Effect of fiber loading." LWT - Food Science and Technology 116, no. : 108554.

Journal article
Published: 03 August 2019 in Food Hydrocolloids
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As demand on the safety and quality of the product in food packaging is increased, nanocellulose based transparent paper with resistance against microbial activity becomes more important. In this study, transparent cellulose film was prepared from ginger nanofiber with chemicals and ultrasonication. After purification using acid hydrolysis, ginger fiber had high cellulose content (88%). Ultrasonication of the suspension of the chemically treated fibers for 1 h decreased their diameter to 54.3 nm. Drying of the nano-sized fiber suspension resulted in a transparent film with 5 μm thickness. This film transmitted 83.3% of the light at 650 nm and showed antimicrobial activity. It had high thermal stability with the maximum decomposition temperature peak at 353 °C. This was 17% higher than that of raw ginger fiber (302 °C). The transparent film had a crystallinity index of 48%, and lower moisture resistance than film from chemically treated cellulose fiber. This study promoted transparent nanocellulose film with good antimicrobial properties from abundant and available ginger fibers.

ACS Style

Hairul Abral; Jeri Ariksa; Melbi Mahardika; Dian Handayani; Ibtisamatul Aminah; Neny Sandrawati; Angga Bahri Pratama; Nural Fajri; S.M. Sapuan; R.A. Ilyas. Transparent and antimicrobial cellulose film from ginger nanofiber. Food Hydrocolloids 2019, 98, 105266 .

AMA Style

Hairul Abral, Jeri Ariksa, Melbi Mahardika, Dian Handayani, Ibtisamatul Aminah, Neny Sandrawati, Angga Bahri Pratama, Nural Fajri, S.M. Sapuan, R.A. Ilyas. Transparent and antimicrobial cellulose film from ginger nanofiber. Food Hydrocolloids. 2019; 98 ():105266.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hairul Abral; Jeri Ariksa; Melbi Mahardika; Dian Handayani; Ibtisamatul Aminah; Neny Sandrawati; Angga Bahri Pratama; Nural Fajri; S.M. Sapuan; R.A. Ilyas. 2019. "Transparent and antimicrobial cellulose film from ginger nanofiber." Food Hydrocolloids 98, no. : 105266.

Journal article
Published: 25 May 2019 in International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
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With the increasing demand for simple, efficient, environmentally friendly preparation methods to produce cellulose nanofibers for reinforcing a biodegradable film is increased, the role of nanofibers from the pure cellulose produced by bacteria becomes more important. This work characterized bacterial cellulose nanofibers disintegrated using a high shear homogenizer. These nanofibers, in 2.5, 5, and 7.5 mL suspensions, were mixed with PVA gel using ultrasonication. The resulting dried bionanocomposite film was also characterized. Adding nanofiber significantly increases (p ≤ 0.05) on tensile strength, thermal resistance, water vapor impermeability, and moisture resistance of PVA film but not strain at break. Tensile strength, tensile modulus, and elongation at the break of the 7.5 mL nanofiber reinforced film were 37.9 MPa (increased by 38%), 547.8 MPa (increased by 26%), and 10.7% (decreased from 17.2% for pure PVA), respectively compared to pure PVA. Transparency decreases slightly with increased nanofiber content. These properties indicate that this bionanocomposite film has potential in food packaging applications.

ACS Style

Hairul Abral; Kadriadi; Melbi Mahardika; Dian Handayani; Eni Sugiarti; Ahmad Novi Muslimin. Characterization of disintegrated bacterial cellulose nanofibers/PVA bionanocomposites prepared via ultrasonication. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2019, 135, 591 -599.

AMA Style

Hairul Abral, Kadriadi, Melbi Mahardika, Dian Handayani, Eni Sugiarti, Ahmad Novi Muslimin. Characterization of disintegrated bacterial cellulose nanofibers/PVA bionanocomposites prepared via ultrasonication. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2019; 135 ():591-599.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hairul Abral; Kadriadi; Melbi Mahardika; Dian Handayani; Eni Sugiarti; Ahmad Novi Muslimin. 2019. "Characterization of disintegrated bacterial cellulose nanofibers/PVA bionanocomposites prepared via ultrasonication." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 135, no. : 591-599.

Journal article
Published: 10 February 2019 in Food Hydrocolloids
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Starch granules containing amylopectin-rich fractions like sago starch may remain insoluble and undamaged decreasing properties of the film. The aim of this study is to characterize native sago starch films prepared using ultrasonication. An ultrasonication probe was used during gelatinization for 2.5, 5, and 10 min respectively. Ultrasonication decreases the incomplete gelatinized granules resulting in a film with a more compact structure, and lower moisture vapor permeability than non-treated film. The longest duration resulted in a film with the highest transparency, and the highest thermal resistance. The duration for 5 min increased tensile strength of the film by 227%, and its moisture absorption decreased by 29.83% compared to non-sonicated film. After ultrasonication for 10 min, melting temperature increased by 7% in comparison to non-sonicated film. This work promotes a simple method to improve the tensile and physical properties of starch based film.

ACS Style

Hairul Abral; Azmi Basri; Faris Muhammad; Yuzalmi Fernando; Fadli Hafizulhaq; Melbi Mahardika; Eni Sugiarti; S.M. Sapuan; R.A. Ilyas; Ilfa Stephane. A simple method for improving the properties of the sago starch films prepared by using ultrasonication treatment. Food Hydrocolloids 2019, 93, 276 -283.

AMA Style

Hairul Abral, Azmi Basri, Faris Muhammad, Yuzalmi Fernando, Fadli Hafizulhaq, Melbi Mahardika, Eni Sugiarti, S.M. Sapuan, R.A. Ilyas, Ilfa Stephane. A simple method for improving the properties of the sago starch films prepared by using ultrasonication treatment. Food Hydrocolloids. 2019; 93 ():276-283.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hairul Abral; Azmi Basri; Faris Muhammad; Yuzalmi Fernando; Fadli Hafizulhaq; Melbi Mahardika; Eni Sugiarti; S.M. Sapuan; R.A. Ilyas; Ilfa Stephane. 2019. "A simple method for improving the properties of the sago starch films prepared by using ultrasonication treatment." Food Hydrocolloids 93, no. : 276-283.

Research article
Published: 21 January 2019 in Starch - Stärke
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The objective of this work is to study the physical and tensile properties of jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus) starch film prepared using three different methods. First, a film was prepared from starch granules after sifting using a sieve shaker. A second film was prepared from starch granules after ultrasonication. Another film was made by sonicating the starch gel. Ultrasonication was performed using an ultrasonic probe. These three different methods had a significant effect on the properties of the film (p≤0.05). The film from the starch granules after sifting using 63 μm mesh size and ultrasonication (labeled as S‐63U film) showed the optimum properties. Opacity for S‐63U film was almost half (48.6%) that of the equivalent non‐sonicated film. S‐63U film had the highest tensile strength (3.1 MPa), the lowest moisture absorption (18% after 8h in a humid chamber) and water vapor permeability. FESEM morphology of the fracture surface of the sonicated film displayed a more homogeneous structure compared to films without ultrasonication.

ACS Style

Hairul Abral; Riyan Soni Satria; Melbi Mahardika; Fadli Hafizulhaq; Jon Affi; Mochamad Asrofi; Dian Handayani; Salit M. Sapuan; Ilfa Stephane; Eni Sugiarti; Ahmad Novi Muslimin. Comparative Study of the Physical and Tensile Properties of Jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus ) Starch Film Prepared Using Three Different Methods. Starch - Stärke 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Hairul Abral, Riyan Soni Satria, Melbi Mahardika, Fadli Hafizulhaq, Jon Affi, Mochamad Asrofi, Dian Handayani, Salit M. Sapuan, Ilfa Stephane, Eni Sugiarti, Ahmad Novi Muslimin. Comparative Study of the Physical and Tensile Properties of Jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus ) Starch Film Prepared Using Three Different Methods. Starch - Stärke. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hairul Abral; Riyan Soni Satria; Melbi Mahardika; Fadli Hafizulhaq; Jon Affi; Mochamad Asrofi; Dian Handayani; Salit M. Sapuan; Ilfa Stephane; Eni Sugiarti; Ahmad Novi Muslimin. 2019. "Comparative Study of the Physical and Tensile Properties of Jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus ) Starch Film Prepared Using Three Different Methods." Starch - Stärke , no. : 1.

Article
Published: 29 August 2018 in Fibers and Polymers
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The successful isolation and characterization of water hyacinth fiber (Eichornia crassipes) (WHF) nanocellulose is presented in this study. The novelty was in exploring a wider range of properties of highly purified samples of WHF after each stage of production in more depth. The isolation was accomplished by pulping in a digester and sonication. Morphological changes before and after treatment were demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The lignin and hemicellulose content decreased during chemical treatment. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and particle size analyzer (PSA) were used to determine the morphology of WHF after sonication for 1 h. TEM shows that the diameter and length of nanocellulose WHF were 15.61 and 147.4 nm, respectively. The crystallinity index and crystalline domain area significantly increased after chemical treatment. The highest crystallinity index was 84.87 % after an acid hydrolysis process. The increase in crystallinity leads to good thermal stability. Moisture absorption tests of WHF were carried out before and after treatment. The lowest moisture absorption was in the cellulose fiber after sonication (nanocellulose).

ACS Style

Mochamad Asrofi; Hairul Abral; Anwar Kasim; Adjar Pratoto; Melbi Mahardika; Ji-Won Park; Hyun-Joong Kim. Isolation of Nanocellulose from Water Hyacinth Fiber (WHF) Produced via Digester-Sonication and Its Characterization. Fibers and Polymers 2018, 19, 1618 -1625.

AMA Style

Mochamad Asrofi, Hairul Abral, Anwar Kasim, Adjar Pratoto, Melbi Mahardika, Ji-Won Park, Hyun-Joong Kim. Isolation of Nanocellulose from Water Hyacinth Fiber (WHF) Produced via Digester-Sonication and Its Characterization. Fibers and Polymers. 2018; 19 (8):1618-1625.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mochamad Asrofi; Hairul Abral; Anwar Kasim; Adjar Pratoto; Melbi Mahardika; Ji-Won Park; Hyun-Joong Kim. 2018. "Isolation of Nanocellulose from Water Hyacinth Fiber (WHF) Produced via Digester-Sonication and Its Characterization." Fibers and Polymers 19, no. 8: 1618-1625.

Journal article
Published: 08 June 2018 in Fibers
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Thermoplastic starch (TPS) reinforced by 1 wt % nanofiber cellulose (NFC) reinforcing from water hyacinth was produced. Ultrasonic vibration time (UVT) was applied to bionanocomposites during gelation for 0, 15, 30 and 60 min. Morphology of the NFC was investigated using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and tensile tests were performed to identify the fracture surface and determine the mechanical properties of the bionanocomposites, respectively. The Crystallinity index (CI) of untreated and treated bionanocomposites was measured using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The average diameter of NFC water hyacinth was 10–20 nm. The maximum tensile strength (TS) and modulus elasticity (ME) of the bionanocomposite was 11.4 MPa and 443 MPa respectively, after 60 min UVT. This result was supported by SEM which indicated good dispersion and compact structure.

ACS Style

Mochamad Asrofi; Hairul Abral; Anwar Kasim; Adjar Pratoto; Melbi Mahardika; Fadli Hafizulhaq. Mechanical Properties of a Water Hyacinth Nanofiber Cellulose Reinforced Thermoplastic Starch Bionanocomposite: Effect of Ultrasonic Vibration during Processing. Fibers 2018, 6, 40 .

AMA Style

Mochamad Asrofi, Hairul Abral, Anwar Kasim, Adjar Pratoto, Melbi Mahardika, Fadli Hafizulhaq. Mechanical Properties of a Water Hyacinth Nanofiber Cellulose Reinforced Thermoplastic Starch Bionanocomposite: Effect of Ultrasonic Vibration during Processing. Fibers. 2018; 6 (2):40.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mochamad Asrofi; Hairul Abral; Anwar Kasim; Adjar Pratoto; Melbi Mahardika; Fadli Hafizulhaq. 2018. "Mechanical Properties of a Water Hyacinth Nanofiber Cellulose Reinforced Thermoplastic Starch Bionanocomposite: Effect of Ultrasonic Vibration during Processing." Fibers 6, no. 2: 40.

Journal article
Published: 03 May 2018 in Fibers
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In this study, the isolation and characterization of nanocellulose from pineapple leaf fibers (PLF) were carried out. Chemical pretreatment included pulping, bleaching, and acid hydrolysis to remove lignin, hemicellulose, and extractive substances were conducted. This was followed by high-shear homogenization and ultrasonication to produce nanocellulose. Morphological changes to the PLF due to treatment were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This showed that the PLF had a diameter of 1–10 µm after high-shear homogenizing. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the nanofibers after ultrasonication for 60 min showed 40–70 nm diameters. Particle size analysis (PSA) indicates that the fibers had an average diameter of 68 nm. Crystallinity index was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and had the highest value after acid hydrolysis at 83% but after 60 min ultrasonication, this decreased to 62%. Meanwhile, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed there was no chemical structure change after acid hydrolysis. The most significant finding from thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is that the higher degradation temperature of nanofibers indicates superior thermal stability over untreated fiber. These results indicate that PLF waste could become a viable source of commercially valuable nanocellulose.

ACS Style

Melbi Mahardika; Hairul Abral; Anwar Kasim; Syukri Arief; Mochamad Asrofi. Production of Nanocellulose from Pineapple Leaf Fibers via High-Shear Homogenization and Ultrasonication. Fibers 2018, 6, 28 .

AMA Style

Melbi Mahardika, Hairul Abral, Anwar Kasim, Syukri Arief, Mochamad Asrofi. Production of Nanocellulose from Pineapple Leaf Fibers via High-Shear Homogenization and Ultrasonication. Fibers. 2018; 6 (2):28.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Melbi Mahardika; Hairul Abral; Anwar Kasim; Syukri Arief; Mochamad Asrofi. 2018. "Production of Nanocellulose from Pineapple Leaf Fibers via High-Shear Homogenization and Ultrasonication." Fibers 6, no. 2: 28.

Conference paper
Published: 27 July 2016 in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
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The paper shows tensile properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers and polyester (PO) matrix composites. Tensile properties including tensile strength (TS), modulus elasticity (ME), and elongation (EL) were observed respectively. BC nanofibers exist in the form of a sheet that was then varied in matrix PO. The BC sheet was mounted by one, three, five and seven pieces respectively in the matrix PO. The tensile strength of the composites was conducted by using the tensile equipment. The results showed that the tensile strength of the composite with a single sheet of BC was lower than that of pure PO. The ST value achieved maximum level in the number of layers of BC three pieces, but then it decreased for the composites reinforced five and seven pieces of BC nanofiber, respectively. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observation exhibits bad interface bonding between BC nanofibers and PO matrix.

ACS Style

H Abral; Melbi Mahardika. Tensile properties of bacterial cellulose nanofibers - polyester composites. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2016, 137, 012019 .

AMA Style

H Abral, Melbi Mahardika. Tensile properties of bacterial cellulose nanofibers - polyester composites. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2016; 137 ():012019.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H Abral; Melbi Mahardika. 2016. "Tensile properties of bacterial cellulose nanofibers - polyester composites." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 137, no. : 012019.