Background: Falls are a leading cause of injury, disability, and loss of independence among community-dwelling older adults. Although exercise-based interventions are widely recommended for fall prevention, the comparative effectiveness of different exercise modalities remains insufficiently synthesized. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Randomized and controlled trials were identified through searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL, including studies involving adults aged ≥60 years who participated in balance-based, strength-based, multimodal, Tai Ji Quan, Otago Exercise Program, or perturbation-based reactive balance training interventions. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (ROB-2) tool. Due to substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity across interventions and outcome measures, a narrative synthesis was undertaken. Results: Twenty-seven trials met the inclusion criteria. Exercise interventions consistently reduced fall incidence across studies. Tai Ji Quan interventions were associated with approximately 31–58% reductions in falls, the Otago Exercise Program with 23–40% reductions, and multimodal strength–balance training with 20–45% reductions. Perturbation-based reactive balance training demonstrated particularly strong effects on laboratory-induced falls, with reductions ranging from 50–75%. Functional outcomes also improved across intervention types, including faster Timed Up and Go performance, increased gait speed, improvements of approximately 1.2–2.5 points in Short Physical Performance Battery scores, 15–35% gains in lower-limb strength, and enhanced reactive balance responses. Longer-duration interventions (12–24 months) generally demonstrated sustained reductions in fall risk. Conclusions: Evidence from randomized and controlled trials indicates that structured exercise interventions, particularly Tai Ji Quan, the Otago Exercise Program, multimodal strength–balance training, and perturbation-based reactive balance training, are effective in reducing falls and improving balance, mobility, and strength in community-dwelling older adults. These findings support the use of targeted, evidence-based exercise programs as central components of fall-prevention strategies in older populations.

Elméleti háttér: A nemzetközi szakirodalomban több, a spiritualitás mérését célzó mérőeszköz is fellelhető. Ezek közül az egyik legszélesebb körben alkalmazott és megbízható önjellemző kérdőív a Spirituális Egészségés Életorientáció Kérdőív (Spiritual Health and Life-Orientation Measure, SHALOM). A kérdőív a spirituális jóllétet holisztikusan ragadja meg, ezért mind a vallásos, mind pedig a nem vallásos személyek körében egyaránt jól alkalmazható. Célkitűzés: Vizsgálatunk elsődleges célja a SHALOM magyar nyelvre történő adaptálása és részletes pszichometriai vizsgálata, beleértve a faktorszerkezet, a megbízhatóság és az érvényesség tesztelését. Módszerek: A validáláshoz használt kérdőívcsomagot (SHALOM, WHO Jóllét Kérdőív, Élettel való Elégedettség Skála) összesen 437 egyetemi hallgató töltötte ki (férfi: 24,2%, nő: 75,8%, átlagéletkor = 21,6 év; SD = 1,8 év). Eredmények: A SHALOM kérdőív tételein végzett feltáró és megerősítő faktorelemzések a bifaktoros (4 elsődleges és 1 általános faktor) szerkezetet erősítették meg, alátámasztva a mérőeszköz elméleti faktorstruktúráját. Az elsődleges faktorok a következők: Személyes, Társas, Környezeti és Transzcendens skálák, mindkét értékelési aspektus esetében (fontosság és megvalósultság). Akadt azonban 6 tétel, amely nem illeszkedett tökéletesen a négy elsődleges faktorhoz: a fontosság értékelés esetében 4, a megvalósultság nézőpontjából pedig 2 tétel. A fontosság értékelés során a kérdőív dimenziói a teljes variancia 66,6%-át, a megvalósultság esetében pedig a 64,9%-át magyarázzák. A faktorszerkezetek mindkét értékelési aspektus esetében elfogadható illeszkedési mutatókat adtak (CFI_fontosság = 0,99 és CFI_{megvalósultság} = 0,97; valamint RMSEA_fontosság = 0,057 és RMSEA_{megvalósultság} = 0,068). A Cronbach-α értéke 0,69–0,97 között változik, ami összességében elfogadható belső konzisztenciát jelez, a kérdőív időbeli stabilitása is megfelelő. Az érvényességi vizsgálatunk szerint a SHALOM két értékelésének skálái szignifikáns, pozitív irányú kapcsolatban vannak a WHO Jóllét Kérdőívvel és az Élettel való Elégedettség Skálával (kivételt képez a fontosság értékelésének Személyes skálája), a korrelációk értékei gyenge és közepes mértékek között változnak. Következtetések: Az eredményeink alátámasztják a SHALOM kérdőív magyar változatának bifaktoros struktúráját, igazolják a skálák belső konzisztenciáját, valamint támogatják a mérőeszköz hazai változatának érvényességét. A konstruktum validitás tesztelésének területén azonban a jövőben további vizsgálatok indokoltak.

Background: disordered eating (DE) and eating disorders (ED) can negatively impact athletes’ health, wellbeing, and athletic performance. Objective: this cross-sectional study aims to assess DE risk, body composition, and nutrition knowledge among elite Hungarian athletes. Methods: DE risk was assessed using DESA-6H and EAT-26 scales, nutrition knowledge through the Abridged Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire (A-NSKQ), and body composition with the OMRON BF511 device. The data were analyzed using Kendall’s tau correlations, Mann–Whitney U tests, and ROC analysis. Results: a total of 71 athletes participated (39.4% males, mean age = 24.8 years, SD = 4.8 years and 60.6% females, mean age = 24.3 years, SD = 4.3 years). At-risk scores on the DESA-6H scale were recorded for nine athletes (12.7%), while 32.4% scored in the risk zone on the EAT-26, with female athletes in aesthetic, endurance and weight-dependent sports being most affected. Low BF was observed in four males and four females. Nutrition knowledge (49.1%) was below the acceptable threshold. DESA-6H significantly correlated with EAT-26 scores, BMI, sports nutrition knowledge, and A-NSKQ total scores. A statistically significant difference by gender was found in the EAT-26 total score (p = 0.019, d = 0.65). Risk groups significantly differed in A-NSKQ scores (p = 0.026, d = 0.511) and sport nutrition knowledge, specifically (p = 0.016, d = 0.491). Using EAT-26 to identify at-risk athletes and the DESA-6H recommended cut-off, the ROC analysis showed a sensitivity of 29.1% and a specificity of 95.7%. Conclusions: insufficient nutrition knowledge plays a role in being at-risk for DE and ED. These results underscore the need for early detection, early sport nutrition education across all elite athletes, with particular attention to female athletes in aesthetic, endurance and weight-dependent sports, and for monitoring these athletes to prevent DE. Further work is warranted to optimize screening tools such as EAT-26 and DESA-6H for elite athletes.

Yoga is increasingly practiced worldwide and is associated with diverse physical and mental health benefits, yet its spiritual dimensions remain underexplored in empirical research. This study investigated the relationship between the weekly frequency of practicing specific yoga components and levels of spiritual well-being and subjective well-being (SuWB). A total of 335 Hungarian adults (mean age = 47.2 ± 10.5 years) with an average of 10.2 ± 7.9 years of yoga experience completed a national online survey. Spiritual well-being (SpWB) was measured using the Spiritual Health and Life-Orientation Measure (SHALOM), and SuWB was assessed with the WHO-5 Well-Being Index. Statistical analyses included ANCOVA, Kruskal–Wallis H tests with post hoc Mann–Whitney U tests, and Kendall’s tau correlations. All four yoga components (āsanas, prāṇāyāma, relaxation, meditation) showed medium-sized positive main effects on SpWB (p < 0.001; η² = 0.06–0.09) and small but significant effects on SuWB (p = 0.003–0.05; η² = 0.03–0.04). The strongest effects were observed in the Personal and Transcendental dimensions of spirituality. Weak to moderate positive correlations were found between SuWB and the four SHALOM factors as well as the total SHALOM score. These findings indicate that regular engagement in diverse yoga practices is associated with higher levels of both spiritual connection and mental well-being, highlighting that yoga practice is associated with higher levels of spiritual connection and mental well-being, and may be relevant for mental health promotion.

Research has rarely explored yoga's link to spirituality, and none have examined spiritual well-being via Fisher's four-domain model. Comparative studies with active control groups are also lacking. This study examines the relationships between spirituality, subjective well-being (SWB), and mental health indicators (depression, anxiety, and stress) among yoga practitioners, physically active individuals, and inactive controls. A total of 1.167 Hungarian adults (79 % females), mean age 34.52 years (SD ± 14.97), completed an online survey assessing spiritual health attitudes and behaviors, SWB, and mental health symptoms, along with the frequency of physical activity. Multivariate analyses showed significant group differences (Wilks' Λ =.811, F(26, 2304) = 9.77, p < .001, partial η² = .099) across the combined dependent variables. Yoga practitioners reported significantly (p < .001) higher well-being and spirituality, and lower depression, anxiety, and distress than both regular exercisers and inactive participants. Regular exercisers also demonstrated more favorable psychological outcomes than inactive individuals, though to a lesser extent than yoga practitioners. Weekly physical activity frequency was positively associated with well-being and negatively associated with mental health symptoms across groups. Correlation patterns revealed several spirituality-related variables that were uniquely and more strongly associated (p < .001 to p < .023) with health indicators in the yoga group. These findings support the mental health benefits of regular physical activity and emphasize yoga's distinct contribution to spiritual well-being. The results highlight the integrative value of embodied spiritual practices, such as yoga, in promoting psychological resilience and holistic well-being.

The present COVID-19 epidemic has had a considerable impact on the mental health of individuals worldwide. Research projects suggests potential benefits of yoga practice for prevention, or as medical supplementation in relation to the present pandemic. This study investigated the association between yoga and health status, and how the frequency of yoga practice affected the mental well-being (MWB) of the respondents. Hungarian yoga practitioners (N.=379) aged 20 to 75 years (93.4% female) were asked about their personal health, perceived usefulness of yoga practice for COVID-19 cases and their MWB. Data were collected between April 17 and May 17, 2021. The measurement tool used was an online questionnaire including sociodemographic data, characteristics of yoga practice, COVID-19 and health related questions, and WHO Well-being Index (WBI-5). Associations were examined through ANOVA and χ² tests. There was a significant difference among the yoga practice groups by weekly frequency (once a week, 2-3 times a week, 4-5 times a week, daily) on the total mean score of well-being (WBI-5), F (3, 373) =12.97, P<0.001, ηp²=0.094. The daily practice of yoga showed the highest MWB. According to our findings, it can be stated that regular yoga practice is associated with higher level of MWB which can be successful in dealing with COVID-19 issues such as stress and depression.