As new technologies are developed, the demand for rare earth elements (REEs) has increased, despite limited awareness of their significant impact on people and the environment. In this study, waste fly ash was used as a precursor to synthesize inorganic aluminosilicate polymers by adding an activator to the alumina and silica compounds of the ash. Due to their structure and adsorption potential, their application for the removal of selected REEs (Gd³⁺, Y³⁺, and Sc³⁺) from water has been investigated. A decrease in the intensity of the quartz peak at 2θ of 26.6° in the XRD spectrum and the disappearance of the albite and mullite peaks due to dissolution during alkaline activation in both modified samples were observed. The appearance of a peaks at 2θ of 29.3° and 39.3° corresponding to calcite in the modified sample indicates the presence of wood ash. A shifting of the band in the DRIFT spectrum to 1030 cm⁻¹ on the spectra of modified samples corresponds to the vibrations of Al-O and Si-O bonds and the formation of a polymeric network structure (Si-O-Si or Si-O-Al). According to pH_PZC values, thermodynamic and kinetic parameters, and chemical composition, the presumed mechanism of REE adsorption is chemisorption and ion exchange. The highest adsorption efficiencies (up to 95%) for all examined REEs in both single and mixed REE solutions were obtained from an alkali-activated mixture of fly ash and wood ash. The results of this research are significant for expanding knowledge about the removal of REEs from the environment, the reduction of waste ash by their modification, and their potential subsequent use in construction as additives.

In this study, carbonaceous and hybrid adsorbents were synthesized from waste flax fibers and fly ash, integrating two abundant waste streams into a single functional material. Materials were thermally modified and activated with NaOH at 500 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. The prepared adsorbents exhibit high efficiency for scandium ion removal, with the hybrid systems significantly outperforming the individual components. The obtained Langmuir maximum adsorption capacities for the adsorption of scandium onto hybrid adsorbents were 18.28 and 32.32 mg/g, depending on the flax fibers/fly ash ratio. The contrasting thermodynamic behavior between hybrid adsorbents of different composition highlights the significant influence of material structure on the adsorption mechanism. The results demonstrate that the synergistic integration of waste flax fibers and fly ash in hybrid materials produces efficient and environmentally sustainable adsorbents, offering a novel approach for REE recovery from aqueous systems.