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Prof. Greg Keeffe
Chair of Sustainable Architecture and Head of School School of Natural and Built Environment, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK

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0 Sustainable Architecture
0 resilient cities
0 Bioclimatic design
0 Passive solar design
0 Climate proof design

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Journal article
Published: 17 July 2021 in Forests
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Forest connectivity is important for the range shifts and long-term persistence of forest-dependent species, especially in the context of climate change. This study assessed the climate connectivity of European forests for species to track suitable climate conditions as the climate warms. Here, climate connectivity was calculated as the temperature difference between each forest patch and the coolest patch that can be reached along temperature gradients. We found that, overall, about 36% of the total forested area in Europe has achieved successful climate connectivity under the moderate emission scenario (SSP245), whereby species range shifts could circumvent the impact of climate warming. The percentage is much lower under the highest emission scenario (SSP585), which is only 12%. To identify forest areas of high importance for climate connectivity, we further evaluated the potential of each forest patch to serve as a stepping stone for species range shifts. Our results showed that about 94% of the European forested area is expected to experience species range shifts. Our study identified sites of high conservation value for improving and sustaining forest connectivity to facilitate climate-driven range shifts and thus could provide information for climate-smart management of European forests.

ACS Style

Qiyao Han; Greg Keeffe; Sean Cullen. Climate Connectivity of European Forests for Species Range Shifts. Forests 2021, 12, 940 .

AMA Style

Qiyao Han, Greg Keeffe, Sean Cullen. Climate Connectivity of European Forests for Species Range Shifts. Forests. 2021; 12 (7):940.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiyao Han; Greg Keeffe; Sean Cullen. 2021. "Climate Connectivity of European Forests for Species Range Shifts." Forests 12, no. 7: 940.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2021 in Land
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To base urbanization on nature, inspiring ecologies are necessary. The concept of nature-based solutions (NBS) could be helpful in achieving this goal. State of the art urban planning starts from the aim to realize a (part of) a city, not to improve natural quality or increase biodiversity. The aim of this article is to introduce a planning approach that puts the ecological landscape first, before embedding urban development. This ambition is explored using three NBS frameworks as the input for a series of design workshops, which conceived a regional plan for the Western Sydney Parklands in Australia. From these frameworks, elements were derived at three abstraction levels as the input for the design process: envisioning a long-term future (scanning the opportunities), evaluating the benefits and disadvantages, and identifying a common direction for the design (determining directions), and implementing concrete spatial cross-cutting solutions (creating inspiring ecologies), ultimately resulting in a regional landscape-based plan. The findings of this research demonstrate that, at every abstraction, a specific outcome is found: a mapped ecological landscape showing the options for urbanization, formulating a food-forest strategy as the commonly found direction for the design, and a regional plan that builds from the landscape ecologies adding layers of productive ecologies and urban synergies. By using NBS-frameworks, the potentials of putting the ecological landscape first in the planning process is illuminated, and urbanization can become resilient and nature-inclusive. Future research should emphasize the balance that should be established between the NBS-frameworks and the design approach, as an overly technocratic and all-encompassing framework prevents the freedom of thought that is needed to come to fruitful design propositions.

ACS Style

Rob Roggema; Nico Tillie; Greg Keeffe. Nature-Based Urbanization: Scan Opportunities, Determine Directions and Create Inspiring Ecologies. Land 2021, 10, 651 .

AMA Style

Rob Roggema, Nico Tillie, Greg Keeffe. Nature-Based Urbanization: Scan Opportunities, Determine Directions and Create Inspiring Ecologies. Land. 2021; 10 (6):651.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema; Nico Tillie; Greg Keeffe. 2021. "Nature-Based Urbanization: Scan Opportunities, Determine Directions and Create Inspiring Ecologies." Land 10, no. 6: 651.

Comment
Published: 27 May 2021 in npj Urban Sustainability
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Cities around the world are promoting tree-planting initiatives to mitigate climate change. The potential of such efforts to assist tree migration has often been overlooked. Due to the urban heat island effect, cities could provide suitable climates for the establishment of outlier populations, serving as propagule sources for poleward tree migration.

ACS Style

Qiyao Han; Greg Keeffe; Paul Caplat; Alan Simson. Cities as hot stepping stones for tree migration. npj Urban Sustainability 2021, 1, 1 -5.

AMA Style

Qiyao Han, Greg Keeffe, Paul Caplat, Alan Simson. Cities as hot stepping stones for tree migration. npj Urban Sustainability. 2021; 1 (1):1-5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiyao Han; Greg Keeffe; Paul Caplat; Alan Simson. 2021. "Cities as hot stepping stones for tree migration." npj Urban Sustainability 1, no. 1: 1-5.

Journal article
Published: 29 April 2021 in Landscape and Urban Planning
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Anthropogenic climate warming is expected to shift the geographical distribution of forest trees worldwide. Urbanization-induced landscape fragmentation represents a considerable impediment to species’ range shifts. Large-scale afforestation is often suggested to be an effective measure to mitigate the negative impacts of landscape fragmentation. However, the effectiveness of afforestation on climate-driven forest migration has rarely been evaluated in urban environments. Here, we tested the effectiveness of two common afforestation strategies in promoting the migration of bird-dispersed tree species in Greater Manchester, UK: (A) planting trees in private gardens and roadsides and (B) establishing large woodlands in public lands. A modelling approach combining graph and circuit theory was used to assess the improvement in landscape connectivity after urban afforestation and to analyze how the two strategies promote the process of forest migration under climate change. Our results suggested that planting trees in gardens and streets could improve the spatial patterns of forest migration by forming stepping stones for the movement of birds across the urban matrix; establishing large woodlands in public areas could enhance the probability of forest migration between urban woodlands by providing population hubs. We found that the effectiveness of urban afforestation was strongly influenced by the spatial arrangement of trees and the physical characteristics of local bird species. The study offers new insight into the biodiversity benefits of urban landscapes, encourages tree-planting programs in urban environments, and calls for close cooperation between urban foresters, designers, and managers to cope with the changing climate.

ACS Style

Qiyao Han; Greg Keeffe. Promoting climate-driven forest migration through large-scale urban afforestation. Landscape and Urban Planning 2021, 212, 104124 .

AMA Style

Qiyao Han, Greg Keeffe. Promoting climate-driven forest migration through large-scale urban afforestation. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2021; 212 ():104124.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiyao Han; Greg Keeffe. 2021. "Promoting climate-driven forest migration through large-scale urban afforestation." Landscape and Urban Planning 212, no. : 104124.

Chapter
Published: 28 January 2021 in Designing Sustainable Cities
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Considering the way architects and urban designers work is critical to the implementation of Food-Energy-Water (FEW)-research when imagining the future of cities. Current FEW-research places emphasis on decision support systems, backed by quantification driven approaches to analyse the FEW-nexus. However, it forgets the heuristic, iterative process of design, that is different for all designers or design teams. As such, this chapter explores how architects and urban designers engage with place, the context of landscape and urban settlement, and data, the metrics by which the FEW-nexus is analysed. Proposed is a view that designers continually oscillate between content and form, iterating designs that access data or information on a need-to-know basis. Reflections between content and form are defined as ‘enquiry’, testing of content in the design process, and ‘validation’, scrutinising the implications of a design on the FEW-nexus. Consequently, it poses the question of how much a designer really needs to know within the process and whether they place greater emphasis on truth or validity as a modus operandi? The complexity, messiness and interconnectedness of the city requires a design approach that current FEW decision support systems do not take into consideration. The projective, conceptual and speculative operatives of design allow for new ways of viewing the FEW-nexus but requires flexible frameworks and mediums that enable designers to scale and frame propositions based on FEW-literate information at hand rather than in-depth quantification and data collection. Ultimately, design is an effective, rather than efficient, practice that considers wider social, cultural and environmental implications on the city and its residents.

ACS Style

Greg Keeffe; Seán Cullen. The Flexible Scaffold: Design Praxis in the FEW-Nexus. Designing Sustainable Cities 2021, 95 -106.

AMA Style

Greg Keeffe, Seán Cullen. The Flexible Scaffold: Design Praxis in the FEW-Nexus. Designing Sustainable Cities. 2021; ():95-106.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Greg Keeffe; Seán Cullen. 2021. "The Flexible Scaffold: Design Praxis in the FEW-Nexus." Designing Sustainable Cities , no. : 95-106.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2020 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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As climate change develops, with most of the world population living in urban areas, decarbonisation of cities is among the greatest challenges of the coming decades. In the framework of the EU City-zen project, a number of so-called Roadshows has been organised in ten cities within and outside Europe in order to plan and kick-off their transition towards an energy- and climate-neutral economy. During the Roadshows, a group of experts is engaged to perform co-working activities and participative labs involving local stakeholders. These activities support cities in identifying their own decarbonisation pathways, mainly by combining three mutual processes, i.e. energy design, urban design and carbon accounting. The latter, in particular, has been used to quantify the greenhouse gas emissions of cities and neighbourhoods and to estimate the mitigation effect of a combination of measures towards the desirable condition of carbon neutrality. This exploratory and proactive design process has been successfully demonstrated through intensive workshops and can be potentially replicated in other cities. This paper provides a schematic overview of the main results achieved in the Belgian town of Roeselare, but more significantly it describes the techniques needed to make that cooperative process understandable, impactful and implementable. It is likely that 2050 European goals will drastically change urban environments and socio-economic dynamics in cities, due to the fragmentation of energy sources. Hence, from this standpoint there is a vital need for integrated technologies and infrastructures, a circular economy and community-based processes such as food production, sharing of facilities and valorisation of ecosystem services. The City-zen Roeselare Roadshow brought over 300 stakeholders into the process of re-imagining and visualising their 2050 future city with these solutions. Stakeholders, with no particular expertise in carbon accounting or sustainability, would now have the capability of understanding and applying these solutions in a combined effort to meet the zero-carbon challenge. The approach is generally replicable elsewhere being highly visual, impactful, transferable, and multi-stakeholder friendly. Given that data are made locally available, the combination of this general approach, site-specific assessments and the involvement of both experts and local stakeholders (i.e. policy makers, citizens, etc) allow the transition to start by referring to any real city or neighbourhood.

ACS Style

Riccardo Maria Pulselli; Siebe Broersma; Craig Lee Martin; Greg Keeffe; Simone Bastianoni; Andy Van Den Dobbelsteen. Future city visions. The energy transition towards carbon-neutrality: lessons learned from the case of Roeselare, Belgium. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2020, 137, 110612 .

AMA Style

Riccardo Maria Pulselli, Siebe Broersma, Craig Lee Martin, Greg Keeffe, Simone Bastianoni, Andy Van Den Dobbelsteen. Future city visions. The energy transition towards carbon-neutrality: lessons learned from the case of Roeselare, Belgium. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2020; 137 ():110612.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Riccardo Maria Pulselli; Siebe Broersma; Craig Lee Martin; Greg Keeffe; Simone Bastianoni; Andy Van Den Dobbelsteen. 2020. "Future city visions. The energy transition towards carbon-neutrality: lessons learned from the case of Roeselare, Belgium." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 137, no. : 110612.

Chapter
Published: 20 November 2020 in Designing Sustainable Cities
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In this chapter new ways are explored how ecological drivers, laws and principles can be used to design and create new parts of cities. Using key evolutionary principles, the city is seen as an organism, and evolving towards a more resilient future. A range of examples designed for different locations in the United Kingdom exemplify this conceptual line of thought.

ACS Style

Greg Keeffe; Rob Roggema. Born, not Made. Designing the Productive City. Designing Sustainable Cities 2020, 29 -52.

AMA Style

Greg Keeffe, Rob Roggema. Born, not Made. Designing the Productive City. Designing Sustainable Cities. 2020; ():29-52.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Greg Keeffe; Rob Roggema. 2020. "Born, not Made. Designing the Productive City." Designing Sustainable Cities , no. : 29-52.

Chapter
Published: 12 May 2020 in Smart and Sustainable Cities and Buildings
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Large-scale urbanisation has become a significant barrier to the migration of trees, which is being exacerbated by accelerated climate change. Maintaining and increasing landscape permeability is expected to be an effective strategy to facilitate the process of forest migration through. This study develops a new methodology to map the permeability of urban landscapes as stepping stones for the movement of seed dispersal agents. Since seed dispersal agents experience their landscapes as hierarchical mosaics of patches, two spatial scales—habitat and home-range scales—are simultaneously considered in the study. The proposed method combines a least-cost path model and a graph theory-based approach. The least-cost path model is applied to map the potential movements of seed dispersal agents, based on which two graph theory-based indices—the probability of connectivity index and the integral index of connectivity—are used to quantify the accessibility of the landscape at habitat and home-range scales, respectively. This method is demonstrated by a case study in the Greater Manchester area, UK. The Eurasian jay, Eurasian siskin, coal tit and the grey squirrel are selected as main dispersal agents in the study area. The results compare the permeability of urban landscapes for different seed dispersal agents, and identify key areas likely to facilitate the process of forest migration through Greater Manchester. Recommendations regarding landscape design and management to improve permeability are also discussed.

ACS Style

Qiyao Han; Greg Keeffe. Mapping the Permeability of Urban Landscapes as Stepping Stones for Forest Migration. Smart and Sustainable Cities and Buildings 2020, 235 -246.

AMA Style

Qiyao Han, Greg Keeffe. Mapping the Permeability of Urban Landscapes as Stepping Stones for Forest Migration. Smart and Sustainable Cities and Buildings. 2020; ():235-246.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiyao Han; Greg Keeffe. 2020. "Mapping the Permeability of Urban Landscapes as Stepping Stones for Forest Migration." Smart and Sustainable Cities and Buildings , no. : 235-246.

Journal article
Published: 05 June 2019 in Smart and Sustainable Built Environment
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Purpose Large-scale urbanisation has become a significant barrier to the natural migration of tree species, which is being exacerbated by accelerated climate change. Within this context, improving the permeability of urban landscapes is expected to be an effective strategy to facilitate the process of forest migration through cities. The purpose of this paper is to develop a method to assess the permeability of urban green spaces as stepping stones for forest migration, from the perspective of seed dispersal. Design/methodology/approach The proposed method combines a least-cost path (LCP) model and a graph theory-based approach. The LCP model is applied to map the potential pathways of seed dispersal at multiple spatial and temporal scales, based on which graph theory-based indices are used to quantify the accessibility of urban landscapes for seed dispersers. This method is demonstrated by a case study in the Greater Manchester area, UK. Eurasian jay, Eurasian siskin, coal tit and grey squirrel are selected as the main seed dispersers in the study area. Findings The results provide a comparison of the landscape permeability maps generated from different seed dispersers and identify key areas likely to facilitate the process of forest migration. Recommendations regarding landscape management for improving permeability are also discussed. Originality/value This method allows designers to re-visualise highly modified and fragmented urban landscapes as stepping stones for seed dispersal, which in turn allows for a more piecemeal form of landscape design to optimise urban landscapes for climate adaptation.

ACS Style

Qiyao Han; Greg Keeffe. Stepping stones. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 2019, 9, 246 -257.

AMA Style

Qiyao Han, Greg Keeffe. Stepping stones. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment. 2019; 9 (3):246-257.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiyao Han; Greg Keeffe. 2019. "Stepping stones." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 9, no. 3: 246-257.

Journal article
Published: 21 February 2019 in Urban Planning
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Rapid climate change will create extreme problems for the biota of the planet. Much of it will have to migrate towards the poles at a rate far beyond normal speeds. In this context, the concept of assisted migration has been proposed to facilitate the migration of trees. Yet current practices of assisted migration focus on “where tree species should be in the future” and thus have many uncertainties. We suggest that more attention should be paid on the flow of forest migration. Therefore, this study develops a three-step methodology for mapping the flow of forest migration under climate change. Since the migration of trees depends on the activities of their seed dispersal agents, the accessibility of landscapes for dispersal agents is mainly considered in this study. The developed method combines a least-cost path model, a graph-based approach, and a circuit theory-based model. The least-cost path model is applied to map the movement of dispersal agents, based on which graph-based indices are used to evaluate the accessibility of landscapes for dispersal agents, which in turn is used as the basis for circuit theory-based modelling to map the flow of forest migration. The proposed method is demonstrated by a case study in the Greater Manchester area, UK. The resulting maps identify areas with high probability of climate-driven migration of trees.

ACS Style

Qiyao Han; Greg Keeffe. Mapping the Flow of Forest Migration through the City under Climate Change. Urban Planning 2019, 4, 139 -151.

AMA Style

Qiyao Han, Greg Keeffe. Mapping the Flow of Forest Migration through the City under Climate Change. Urban Planning. 2019; 4 (1):139-151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiyao Han; Greg Keeffe. 2019. "Mapping the Flow of Forest Migration through the City under Climate Change." Urban Planning 4, no. 1: 139-151.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2018 in Energies
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In the challenge for a sustainable society, carbon-neutrality is a critical objective for all cities in the coming decades. In the EU City-zen project, academic partners collaborate to develop an urban energy transition methodology, which supports cities in making the energy transition to sustainable lifestyles and carbon neutrality. As part of the project, so-called Roadshows are organised in cities that wish to take the first step toward zero-energy living. Each Roadshow is methodologically composed to allow sustainability experts from across Europe to co-create designs, strategies and timelines with local stakeholders in order to reach this vital goal. Following a precursory investigative student workshop (the SWAT Studio), Dubrovnik was the third city to host the Roadshow in November 2016. During these events the characteristics of Dubrovnik, and the district of Gruž in particular, were systematically analysed, leading to useful insights into the current problems and potentials of the city. In close collaboration with local stakeholders, the team proposed a series of interventions, validated by the calculation of carbon emission, to help make Gruž, and in its wake the whole city of Dubrovnik, net zero energy and zero carbon. The vision presented to the inhabitants and its key city decision makers encompassed a path towards an attainable sustainable future. The strategies and solutions proposed for the Dubrovnik district of Gruž were able to reduce the current carbon sequestration compensation of 1200 hectares of forestland to only 67 hectares, an area achievable by urban reforestation projects. This paper presents the City-zen methodology of urban energy transition and that of the City-zen Roadshow, the analysis of the city of Dubrovnik, proposed interventions and the carbon impact, as calculated by means of the carbon accounting method discussed in the paper.

ACS Style

Andy Van Den Dobbelsteen; Craig Lee Martin; Greg Keeffe; Riccardo Maria Pulselli; Han Vandevyvere. From Problems to Potentials—The Urban Energy Transition of Gruž, Dubrovnik. Energies 2018, 11, 922 .

AMA Style

Andy Van Den Dobbelsteen, Craig Lee Martin, Greg Keeffe, Riccardo Maria Pulselli, Han Vandevyvere. From Problems to Potentials—The Urban Energy Transition of Gruž, Dubrovnik. Energies. 2018; 11 (4):922.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andy Van Den Dobbelsteen; Craig Lee Martin; Greg Keeffe; Riccardo Maria Pulselli; Han Vandevyvere. 2018. "From Problems to Potentials—The Urban Energy Transition of Gruž, Dubrovnik." Energies 11, no. 4: 922.

Conference paper
Published: 28 May 2017 in Blockchain Technology and Innovations in Business Processes
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The adoption of the German Passivhaus Standard in the UK has grown rapidly in recent years. Stimulated by the shift towards energy efficient design and rising fuel costs, the concept is perceived as a potential means of meeting energy and carbon targets through an established, reliable methodology. However the performance of the Standard in terms of adequate indoor air quality and thermal comfort in a UK climate remains under-researched. This paper describes the use of the Passivhaus Standard in a UK context, and its potential implications on indoor environmental quality. A case study is presented, which included indoor air quality measurements, occupant diary, building survey and occupant interviews in a Passivhaus social housing project in Northern Ireland. The study found issues with indoor air quality, the use and maintenance of Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery (MVHR) systems, lack of occupant knowledge and the perception of overheating in the case study dwellings. The findings provide a much needed insight into the indoor environmental quality in homes designed to the Passivhaus standard; which can be disseminated to aid the development of an effective sustainable building design that is both appropriate to localised climatic conditions and also sensitive to the health of building occupants.

ACS Style

Gráinne McGill; Tim Sharpe; Lukumon Oyedele; Greg Keeffe; Keith McAllister. An Investigation of Indoor Air Quality in UK Passivhaus Dwellings. Blockchain Technology and Innovations in Business Processes 2017, 67, 245 -268.

AMA Style

Gráinne McGill, Tim Sharpe, Lukumon Oyedele, Greg Keeffe, Keith McAllister. An Investigation of Indoor Air Quality in UK Passivhaus Dwellings. Blockchain Technology and Innovations in Business Processes. 2017; 67 ():245-268.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gráinne McGill; Tim Sharpe; Lukumon Oyedele; Greg Keeffe; Keith McAllister. 2017. "An Investigation of Indoor Air Quality in UK Passivhaus Dwellings." Blockchain Technology and Innovations in Business Processes 67, no. : 245-268.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2015 in Proceedings of the EuroSun 2014 Conference
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ACS Style

Andrew Jenkins; Greg Keeffe; Natalie Hall. Facade Farm: Solar Mediation Through Food Production. Proceedings of the EuroSun 2014 Conference 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

Andrew Jenkins, Greg Keeffe, Natalie Hall. Facade Farm: Solar Mediation Through Food Production. Proceedings of the EuroSun 2014 Conference. 2015; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew Jenkins; Greg Keeffe; Natalie Hall. 2015. "Facade Farm: Solar Mediation Through Food Production." Proceedings of the EuroSun 2014 Conference , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 29 September 2014 in Buildings
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This paper describes the result of a project to develop climate adaptation design strategies funded by the UK’s Technology Strategy Board. The aim of the project was to look at the threats and opportunities presented by industrialized and house-building techniques in the light of predicted future increases in flooding and overheating due to anthropogenic climate change. The paper shows that the thermal performance of houses built to the current UK Building Regulations is not adequate to cope with changing weather patterns, and in light of this, develops a detailed design for a new house: one that is industrially produced and climatically resilient, but affordable. This detailed concept IDEAhaus of a modular house is not only flood-proof to a water depth of 750 mm, but also is designed to utilize passive cooling, which dramatically reduces the amount of overheating, both now and in the future.

ACS Style

Greg Keeffe; Ian McHugh. IDEAhaus: A Modular Approach to Climate Resilient UK Housing. Buildings 2014, 4, 661 -682.

AMA Style

Greg Keeffe, Ian McHugh. IDEAhaus: A Modular Approach to Climate Resilient UK Housing. Buildings. 2014; 4 (4):661-682.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Greg Keeffe; Ian McHugh. 2014. "IDEAhaus: A Modular Approach to Climate Resilient UK Housing." Buildings 4, no. 4: 661-682.

Book chapter
Published: 02 November 2012 in Advances in Global Change Research
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Since the UN report by the Brundtland Committee, sustainability in the built environment has mainly been seen from a technical focus on single buildings or products. With the energy efficiency approaching 100%, fossil resources depleting and a considerable part of the world still in need of better prosperity, the playing field of a technical focus has become very limited. It will most probably not lead to the sustainable development needed to avoid irreversible effects on climate, energy provision and, not least, society. Cities are complex structures of independently functioning elements, all of which are nevertheless connected to different forms of infrastructure, which provide the necessary sources or solve the release of waste material. With the current ambitions regarding carbon- or energy-neutrality, retreating again to the scale of a building is likely to fail. Within an urban context a single building cannot become fully resource-independent, and need not, from our viewpoint. Cities should be considered as an organism that has the ability to intelligently exchange sources and waste flows. Especially in terms of energy, it can be made clear that the present situation in most cities are undesired: there is simultaneous demand for heat and cold, and in summer a lot of excess energy is lost, which needs to be produced again in winter. The solution for this is a system that intelligently exchanges and stores essential sources, e.g. energy, and that optimally utilises waste flows. This new approach will be discussed and exemplified. The Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning (REAP) will be illustrated as a means for urban planning, whereas Swarm Planning will be introduced as another nature-based principle for swift changes towards sustainability.

ACS Style

Andy Van Den Dobbelsteen; Greg Keeffe; N M J D Tillie; Rob Roggema. Cities as Organisms. Advances in Global Change Research 2012, 195 -206.

AMA Style

Andy Van Den Dobbelsteen, Greg Keeffe, N M J D Tillie, Rob Roggema. Cities as Organisms. Advances in Global Change Research. 2012; ():195-206.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andy Van Den Dobbelsteen; Greg Keeffe; N M J D Tillie; Rob Roggema. 2012. "Cities as Organisms." Advances in Global Change Research , no. : 195-206.

Journal article
Published: 16 November 2010 in Popular Music History
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ACS Style

Greg Keeffe. Compost city: underground music, collapsoscapes and urban regeneration. Popular Music History 2010, 4, 1 .

AMA Style

Greg Keeffe. Compost city: underground music, collapsoscapes and urban regeneration. Popular Music History. 2010; 4 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Greg Keeffe. 2010. "Compost city: underground music, collapsoscapes and urban regeneration." Popular Music History 4, no. 2: 1.