Background/Objectives: Electroencephalography (EEG) has been widely used to differentiate individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and co-occurring conditions, particularly epilepsy. However, the relationship between EEG abnormalities and core features of ASD remains unclear. This study reviews the potential impact of EEG findings on the development, behavior, sleep, and seizure occurrence in ASD patients. Additionally, it evaluates whether routine EEG testing is warranted for all ASD patients, particularly in the absence of clinical seizures. Methods: A systematic review was conducted that covered literature published between 2014 and 2024. The review focused on EEG abnormalities, both epileptiform and non-epileptiform, in individuals with ASD. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, emphasizing the prevalence, type, and clinical relevance of EEG findings. The analysis also included a critical assessment of whether EEG abnormalities correlate with specific ASD symptoms, such as cognitive impairment, speech delay, or behavioral issues. Results: EEG abnormalities were reported in 23–80% of ASD patients, indicating a broad range of findings. Despite their frequent occurrence, the evidence linking these abnormalities to specific clinical symptoms remains inconclusive. Some studies suggest an association between epileptiform patterns and more severe ASD traits, while others do not confirm this. Furthermore, the effectiveness of anticonvulsant treatment in children with EEG abnormalities and no seizures remains uncertain, with limited supporting data. Conclusions: Given the uncertain relationship between EEG findings and ASD symptoms, routine EEG testing for all children with ASD appears unnecessary. EEG should be considered primarily when epilepsy is clinically suspected.

Introduction and objective: Microplastics (MPLs) are described as synthetic polymer particles with dimensions below 5 mm. Within this group, particles measuring less than 1 µm are referred to as nanoplastics (NPLs). These particles are extensively distributed in the environment and have been...

Plastic surgery, encompassing both reconstructive and aesthetic procedures, is a field of medicine that not only enhances patients' external appearance but also significantly impacts their psychological well-being. The aim of this study is to evaluate the psychological consequences of plastic surgery, considering the effects of such interventions on self-esteem, self-worth, quality of life, and the potential risks associated with aesthetic procedures. Research indicates that procedures such as breast augmentation or rhinoplasty can lead to significant improvements in body image perception, increased self-confidence, and enhanced social and professional functioning. However, plastic surgery also carries potential risks, particularly for patients with psychological disorders such as body dysmorphic disorder or eating disorders, where the aesthetic outcomes may not meet expectations, potentially leading to a deterioration in mental health. A critical factor in preventing adverse effects is the careful selection of patients and the conduct of a thorough psychological assessment, which allows for the evaluation of realistic expectations and the identification of potential risks associated with surgery. This study emphasizes the necessity of a holistic approach to patient care, which considers both physical and psychological aspects, to ensure optimal and long-term therapeutic outcomes in plastic surgery.

Aim: This paper explores the relationship between obesity and oral diseases. Early detection and prevention of risk factors are essential for indispensable for promoting long-term health and elevating the quality of life in affected patients. Materials and methods: A search of PubMed and Google Scholar on November 10, 2024, retrieving 48 articles from 2016-2024. After screening criteria, 45 articles were included. All authors verified the final content. Conclusions: Evidence suggests a notable association between obesity and oral health issues, including periodontitis, peri-implantitis, and other gum diseases. Certain research point to the possibility that patients who undergo bariatric surgery could also experience worsening dental health. Inadequate oral hygiene and excessive sugar consumption, along with obesity, contribute to the worsening of dental problems in both children and adults. Further studies are required to better elucidate the underlying mechanisms of this association, which remains insufficiently explained in literature.

Wprowadzenie: Kleszczowe zapalenie mózgu (tick-borne encephalitis – TBE) jest chorobą wywoływaną przez wirusa kleszczowego zapalenia mózgu, który jest przenoszony przez ukąszenia kleszczy. Rozpowszechnienie TBE ocenia się na 10,000–15,000 przypadków rocznie i jest porównywalne dla krajów europejskich i azjatyckich. Około 10–20% wszystkich zainfekowanych osób jest w wieku dziecięcym. Znaczna większość, bo aż 70–98% z nich, przechodzi tę chorobę bezobjawowo lub jest niezdiagnozowana. Do głównych objawów klinicznych zalicza się zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych (obecne w 69% przypadków) i mózgu (30%) oraz rdzenia kręgowego (1%). U około 2,1% pacjentów rozwijają się długotrwałe następstwa neurologiczne.Metodyka: Artykuły do pracy zostały wybrane z trzech ogólnodostępnych baz danych. Wykorzystano w tym celu następujące hasła: „infection/epidemiology” + „tick bites/tick-borne encephalitis” + „clinical manifestation/pathogenesis/treatment” oraz „aseptic/viral/bacterial” + „encephalitis/meningitis”. Ostatecznie wybrano 71 prac naukowych i 8 witryn internetowych opublikowanych w latach 1995–2023.Stan wiedzy: TBE, ze względu na wektor kleszczowy, może być różnicowane z takimi jednostkami chorobowymi jak: babeszjoza, borelioza, południowa wysypka związana z kleszczami (southern tick-associated rash illness – STARI), chlamydioza, erlichioza, gorączka kleszczowa Kolorado (Colorado tick fever – CTF), wirus Heartland (HRTV), wirus Powassan (POWV), anaplazmoza granulocytarna, dur powrotny (tick-borne relapsing fever – TBRF), toksoplazmoza, tularemia, riketsjozy; lub z jednostkami o podobnej symptomatologii, takimi jak: udar mózgu, bruceloza, mononukleoza zakaźna (infectious mononucleosis – IM), żółta febra (yellow fever – YF), japońskie zapalenie mózgu (Japanese encephalitis – JE), inne wirusowe zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych, mózgu, rdzenia kręgowego oraz aseptyczne zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych.Wnioski: Diagnostyka różnicowa TBE jest obszerna i powinna obejmować szeroki zakres zakażeń ośrodkowego układu nerwowego wywołanych zarówno przez inne czynniki zakaźne, jak i choroby niezakaźne.

Introduction and Purpose: Sleep is a biological process essential for immune function, brain development, memory consolidation and emotional regulation. Sleep restriction affects metabolic processes, hormone regulation and coagulation processes and is implicated in various diseases, including for example type 2 diabetes, hypertension, stroke and heart disease. The purpose of our study is to examine the impact of sleep quality on obesity and related diseases. We aim to understand how improving sleep habits can reduce the risk of obesity and its related health issues. Brief Description of the State of Knowledge: Sleep deprivation disrupts hormonal regulation, reducing leptin and increasing ghrelin, leading to overeating and weight gain. Circadian rhythm disturbances also promote insulin resistance and fat storage. Obesity further impairs sleep quality, increasing the risk of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and hypertension. In pediatric populations, inadequate sleep is associated with higher BMI and an elevated risk of obesity. Summary: Insufficient sleep alters hormonal regulation, promoting overeating and increasing obesity risk, which exacerbates metabolic dysfunction. Addressing sleep disorders and promoting healthy sleep and diet are essential for prevention.