Scene classification is a highly useful task in Remote Sensing (RS) applications. Many efforts have been made to improve the accuracy of RS scene classification. Scene classification is a challenging problem, especially for large datasets with tens of thousands of images with a large number of classes and taken under different circumstances. One problem that is observed in scene classification is the fact that for a given scene, only one part of it indicates which class it belongs to, whereas the other parts are either irrelevant or they actually tend to belong to another class. To address this issue, this paper proposes a deep attention Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for scene classification in remote sensing. CNN models use successive convolutional layers to learn feature maps from larger and larger regions (or receptive fields) of the scene. The attention mechanism computes a new feature map as a weighted average of these original feature maps. In particular, we propose a solution, named EfficientNet-B3-Attn-2, based on the pre-trained EfficientNet-B3 CNN enhanced with an attention mechanism. A dedicated branch is added to layer 262 of the network, to compute the required weights. These weights are learned automatically by training the whole CNN model end-to-end using the backpropagation algorithm. In this way, the network learns to emphasize important regions of the scene and suppress the regions that are irrelevant to the classification. We tested the proposed EfficientNet-B3-Attn-2 on six popular remote sensing datasets, namely UC Merced, KSA, OPTIMAL-31, RSSCN7, WHU-RS19, and AID datasets, showing its strong capabilities in classifying RS scenes.

This paper presents an automatic solution to the problem of detecting and counting cars in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images. This is a challenging task given the very high spatial resolution of UAV images (on the order of a few centimetres) and the extremely high level of detail, which require suitable automatic analysis methods. Our proposed method begins by segmenting the input image into small homogeneous regions, which can be used as candidate locations for car detection. Next, a window is extracted around each region, and deep learning is used to mine highly descriptive features from these windows. We use a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) system that is already pre-trained on huge auxiliary data as a feature extraction tool, combined with a linear support vector machine (SVM) classifier to classify regions into “car” and “no-car” classes. The final step is devoted to a fine-tuning procedure which performs morphological dilation to smooth the detected regions and fill any holes. In addition, small isolated regions are analysed further using a few sliding rectangular windows to locate cars more accurately and remove false positives. To evaluate our method, experiments were conducted on a challenging set of real UAV images acquired over an urban area. The experimental results have proven that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods, both in terms of accuracy and computational time.

In this paper, we present a new algorithm for cross-domain classification in aerial vehicle images based on generative adversarial networks (GANs). The proposed method, called Siamese-GAN, learns invariant feature representations for both labeled and unlabeled images coming from two different domains. To this end, we train in an adversarial manner a Siamese encoder–decoder architecture coupled with a discriminator network. The encoder–decoder network has the task of matching the distributions of both domains in a shared space regularized by the reconstruction ability, while the discriminator seeks to distinguish between them. After this phase, we feed the resulting encoded labeled and unlabeled features to another network composed of two fully-connected layers for training and classification, respectively. Experiments on several cross-domain datasets composed of extremely high resolution (EHR) images acquired by manned/unmanned aerial vehicles (MAV/UAV) over the cities of Vaihingen, Toronto, Potsdam, and Trento are reported and discussed.

Unimodal biometric systems rely on a single source or unique individual biological trait for measurement and examination. Fingerprint-based biometric systems are the most common, but they are vulnerable to presentation attacks or spoofing when a fake fingerprint is presented to the sensor. To address this issue, we propose an enhanced biometric system based on a multimodal approach using two types of biological traits. We propose to combine fingerprint and Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals to mitigate spoofing attacks. Specifically, we design a multimodal deep learning architecture that accepts fingerprints and ECG as inputs and fuses the feature vectors using stacking and channel-wise approaches. The feature extraction backbone of the architecture is based on data-efficient transformers. The experimental results demonstrate the promising capabilities of the proposed approach in enhancing the robustness of the system to presentation attacks.

The multi-label classification problem in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) images is particularly challenging compared to single-label classification due to its combinatorial nature. To tackle this issue, we propose in this paper a deep learning approach based on encoder-decoder neural network architecture with channel and spatial attention mechanisms. Specifically, the encoder module which is based on a pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) has the task to transform the input image to a set of feature maps using an opportune feature combination. To improve the feature representation further, this module incorporates a squeeze excitation (SE) layer for modelling the interdependencies between the channels of the feature maps. The decoder module which is based on a long short terms memory (LSTM) network has the task of generating, in a sequential way, the classes present in the image. At each time step, it predicts the next class-label by aligning its hidden state to the corresponding region in the image by means of an adaptive spatial attention mechanism. The experiments carried out on two UAV datasets with a spatial resolution of 2-cm show that our method is promising in predicting the labels present in the image while attending the relevant objects in the image. Additionally, it is able to provide better classification results compared to state-of-the-art methods.