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Jui-Yu Chou
Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan

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Article
Published: 18 March 2021 in Entomophaga
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The ant pest Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) has experienced population increases in Taiwan recently and has been shown to invade human settlements frequently. In addition, D. thoracicus has been found to be naturally infected by the fungus Aspergillus nomius Kurtzman et al. (Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae). Entomopathogenic fungi find it difficult to colonize social insects because of the challenge of penetrating the insect cuticle and because of social behaviors, including grooming, that eliminate invaders from the nest. However, A. nomius can evade these defenses and spread within the ant colony. In the present study, ant mortality increased in a dose-dependent manner upon cuticular infection with A. nomius conidia. Among four Aspergillus spp. examined, A. nomius was more virulent to worker ants and was the only fungus to produce conidia on the ant host. Allogrooming potentially promotes conidial invasion and spreading among hosts in a colony because ants treated with conidia on the cuticle increased the mortality of other members in the nest. Assessment of chitinase, esterase, and lipase activity suggested that A. nomius efficiently exploited the host for nutrients. Because A. nomius can cause human infections and environmental consequences, further studies are required to assess the potential impacts of utilizing A. nomius to control outbreaks of D. thoracicus.

ACS Style

Wei-Jiun Lin; Ming-Chung Chiu; Chung-Chi Lin; Yuan-Kai Chung; Jui-Yu Chou. Efficacy of Entomopathogenic fungus Aspergillus nomius against Dolichoderus thoracicus. Entomophaga 2021, 66, 463 -473.

AMA Style

Wei-Jiun Lin, Ming-Chung Chiu, Chung-Chi Lin, Yuan-Kai Chung, Jui-Yu Chou. Efficacy of Entomopathogenic fungus Aspergillus nomius against Dolichoderus thoracicus. Entomophaga. 2021; 66 (4):463-473.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei-Jiun Lin; Ming-Chung Chiu; Chung-Chi Lin; Yuan-Kai Chung; Jui-Yu Chou. 2021. "Efficacy of Entomopathogenic fungus Aspergillus nomius against Dolichoderus thoracicus." Entomophaga 66, no. 4: 463-473.

Research articles
Published: 16 December 2020 in Mycobiology
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The application of antagonistic fungi for plant protection has attracted considerable interest because they may potentially replace the use of chemical pesticides. Antipathogenic activities confirmed in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from microorganisms have potential to serve as biocontrol agents against pre- and post-harvest diseases. In the present study, we investigated Galactomyces fungi isolated from rotten leaves and the rhizosphere of cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme). VOCs produced by Galactomyces fungi negatively affected the growth of phytopathogenic fungi and the survival of nematodes. Mycelial growths of all nine examined phytopathogenic fungi were inhibited on agar plate, although the inhibition was more intense in Athelia rolfsii JYC2163 and Cladosporium cladosporioides JYC2144 and relatively moderate in Fusarium sp. JYC2145. VOCs also efficiently suppressed the spore germination and mycelial growth of A. rolfsii JYC2163 on tomatoes. The soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans exhibited higher mortality in 24 h in the presence of VOCs. These results suggest the broad-spectrum activity of Galactomyces fungi against various plant pathogens and the potential to use VOCs from Galactomyces as biocontrol agents.

ACS Style

Shu-Ting Cai; Ming-Chung Chiu; Jui-Yu Chou. Broad-Spectrum Activity of Volatile Organic Compounds from Three Yeast-like Fungi of the Galactomyces Genus Against Diverse Plant Pathogens. Mycobiology 2020, 49, 69 -77.

AMA Style

Shu-Ting Cai, Ming-Chung Chiu, Jui-Yu Chou. Broad-Spectrum Activity of Volatile Organic Compounds from Three Yeast-like Fungi of the Galactomyces Genus Against Diverse Plant Pathogens. Mycobiology. 2020; 49 (1):69-77.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shu-Ting Cai; Ming-Chung Chiu; Jui-Yu Chou. 2020. "Broad-Spectrum Activity of Volatile Organic Compounds from Three Yeast-like Fungi of the Galactomyces Genus Against Diverse Plant Pathogens." Mycobiology 49, no. 1: 69-77.

Article
Published: 29 May 2020 in Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins
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Probiotics are live microorganisms that may be able to help prevent and treat some illnesses. Most probiotics on the market are bacterial, primarily Lactobacillus. Yeast are an inevitable part of the microbiota of various fermented foods and beverages and have several beneficial properties that bacteria do not have. In this study, yeast strains were isolated from fermented food and beverages. Various physiological features of the candidate probiotic isolates were preliminarily investigated, including bile salt and acid tolerance, cell surface hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, antioxidant activity, and β-galactosidase activity. Several yeast strains with probiotic potential were selected. Overall, Kluyveromyces marxianus JYC2614 adapted well to the bile salt and acid tolerance test; it also had favorable autoaggregation and good cell-surface hydrophobicity. Klu. marxianus JYC2610 grew well according to the bile salt and acid tolerance test and performed well regarding cell surface hydrophobicity and β-galactosidase activity. Selected yeast species can survive in a gastrointestinal environment and should be further evaluated in vivo as probiotics in the future. Our findings should encourage further studies on the application of the strains in this study as food and feed supplements.

ACS Style

Ruo-Ting Hsiung; Wei-Ta Fang; Ben A. LePage; Shih-An Hsu; Chia-Hsuan Hsu; Jui-Yu Chou. In Vitro Properties of Potential Probiotic Indigenous Yeasts Originating from Fermented Food and Beverages in Taiwan. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins 2020, 13, 113 -124.

AMA Style

Ruo-Ting Hsiung, Wei-Ta Fang, Ben A. LePage, Shih-An Hsu, Chia-Hsuan Hsu, Jui-Yu Chou. In Vitro Properties of Potential Probiotic Indigenous Yeasts Originating from Fermented Food and Beverages in Taiwan. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins. 2020; 13 (1):113-124.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruo-Ting Hsiung; Wei-Ta Fang; Ben A. LePage; Shih-An Hsu; Chia-Hsuan Hsu; Jui-Yu Chou. 2020. "In Vitro Properties of Potential Probiotic Indigenous Yeasts Originating from Fermented Food and Beverages in Taiwan." Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins 13, no. 1: 113-124.

Journal article
Published: 14 April 2020 in Scientific Reports
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It is essential for the survival and reproduction of parasitoids to adapt to the fluctuating host resources. Phenotypic plasticity may enable a parasitoid species to successfully achieve its control over a range of host species to maximize fitness in different hosts that may each require dissimilar, possibly conflicting, specific adaptations. However, there is limited information on how the fitness effects of host switching partition into costs due to the novelty of host species, where unfamiliarity with host physiological and morphological changes and its anti-parasite defenses reduces parasitoid growth, survivorship and/or reproductive success. In this study, the parasitoid fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis sensu lato was found to sympatrically infect a principal host ant species and other alternative sympatric hosts in the forest of central Taiwan. We herein report that the occurrence of ant infections by O. unilateralis s.l. shows spatial and temporal variation patterns on different host species. Results showed that the height from the ground to the leaf where the infected ants grip on, perithecia-forming ability, and growth rate of the stroma of the parasitoid fungus were dissimilar on different host species. These host range expansions not only related the fitness of O. unilateralis s.l. but also influenced the expression of extended phenotypic traits. Our findings revealed that a generalist parasitoid fungus suffered an evolutionary tradeoff between host breadth expansion and host-use efficiency.

ACS Style

Wei-Jiun Lin; Yung-I Lee; Shao-Lun Liu; Chung-Chi Lin; Tan-Ya Chung; Jui-Yu Chou. Evaluating the tradeoffs of a generalist parasitoid fungus, Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, on different sympatric ant hosts. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 6428 -12.

AMA Style

Wei-Jiun Lin, Yung-I Lee, Shao-Lun Liu, Chung-Chi Lin, Tan-Ya Chung, Jui-Yu Chou. Evaluating the tradeoffs of a generalist parasitoid fungus, Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, on different sympatric ant hosts. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):6428-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei-Jiun Lin; Yung-I Lee; Shao-Lun Liu; Chung-Chi Lin; Tan-Ya Chung; Jui-Yu Chou. 2020. "Evaluating the tradeoffs of a generalist parasitoid fungus, Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, on different sympatric ant hosts." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 6428-12.

Journal article
Published: 09 March 2020 in PeerJ
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Green microalgae of the genus Desmodesmus are characterized by a high degree of phenotypic plasticity (i.e. colony morphology), allowing them to be truly cosmopolitan and withstand environmental fluctuations. This flexibility enables Desmodesmus to produce a phenotype–environment match across a range of environments broader compared to algae with more fixed phenotypes. Indoles and their derivatives are a well-known crucial class of heterocyclic compounds and are widespread in different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the most common, naturally occurring plant hormone of the auxin class. IAA may behave as a signaling molecule in microorganisms, and the physiological cues of IAA may also trigger phenotypic plasticity responses in Desmodesmus. In this study, we demonstrated that the changes in colonial morphs (cells per coenobium) of five species of the green alga Desmodesmus were specific to IAA but not to the chemically more stable synthetic auxins, naphthalene-1-acetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Moreover, inhibitors of auxin biosynthesis and polar auxin transport inhibited cell division. Notably, different algal species (even different intraspecific strains) exhibited phenotypic plasticity different to that correlated to IAA. Thus, the plasticity involving individual-level heterogeneity in morphological characteristics may be crucial for microalgae to adapt to changing or novel conditions, and IAA treatment potentially increases the tolerance of Desmodesmus algae to several stress conditions. In summary, our results provide circumstantial evidence for the hypothesized role of IAA as a diffusible signal in the communication between the microalga and microorganisms. This information is crucial for elucidation of the role of plant hormones in plankton ecology.

ACS Style

Wei-Jiun Lin; Han-Chen Ho; Sheng-Chang Chu; Jui-Yu Chou. Effects of auxin derivatives on phenotypic plasticity and stress tolerance in five species of the green alga Desmodesmus (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta). PeerJ 2020, 8, e8623 .

AMA Style

Wei-Jiun Lin, Han-Chen Ho, Sheng-Chang Chu, Jui-Yu Chou. Effects of auxin derivatives on phenotypic plasticity and stress tolerance in five species of the green alga Desmodesmus (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta). PeerJ. 2020; 8 ():e8623.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei-Jiun Lin; Han-Chen Ho; Sheng-Chang Chu; Jui-Yu Chou. 2020. "Effects of auxin derivatives on phenotypic plasticity and stress tolerance in five species of the green alga Desmodesmus (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta)." PeerJ 8, no. : e8623.

Journal article
Published: 23 March 2019 in Animals
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Farm ponds or irrigation ponds, providing a vital habitat for diverse bird communities, are an environmental feature with characteristics that cross over typical urban and natural conditions. In this study, the species richness and community structure of irrigation ponds were characterized on the local and landscape scales. Within a landscape complex in the Taoyuan Tableland of Taiwan, 45 ponds were surveyed, ranging in areas from 0.2 to 20.47 ha. In total, 94 species and 15,053 individual birds were identified after surveying four times. The association between ponds and birds was determined to establish the effect of pond dimensions on species richness and community composition in the complex by comparing the responses of functional groups to pond configurations. Seven avian functional groups were identified. Compared with landbirds (i.e., families Alcedinidae, Apodidae, Icteridae, and Sturnidae), waterbirds (i.e., families Anatidae, Ardeidae, Charadriidae, Podicipedidae, and Scolopacidae) exhibited a stronger correlation with pond variables. Our study provides substantial evidence that these artificial ponds have influenced wintering waterbirds. The final results of this study may help stakeholders and land managers identify areas not to establish large-scale solar facilities considering waterbird habitats in pond areas.

ACS Style

Chia-Hsuan Hsu; Jui-Yu Chou; Wei-Ta Fang. Habitat Selection of Wintering Birds in Farm Ponds in Taoyuan, Taiwan. Animals 2019, 9, 113 .

AMA Style

Chia-Hsuan Hsu, Jui-Yu Chou, Wei-Ta Fang. Habitat Selection of Wintering Birds in Farm Ponds in Taoyuan, Taiwan. Animals. 2019; 9 (3):113.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chia-Hsuan Hsu; Jui-Yu Chou; Wei-Ta Fang. 2019. "Habitat Selection of Wintering Birds in Farm Ponds in Taoyuan, Taiwan." Animals 9, no. 3: 113.

Journal article
Published: 06 July 2018 in Scientific Reports
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Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a single genotype of an organism to exhibit variable phenotypes in response to fluctuating environments. It plays a crucial role in their evolutionary success. In natural environments, the importance of interactions between microalgae and other microorganisms is generally well appreciated, but the effects of these interactions on algal phenotypic plasticity has not been investigated. In this study, it revealed that indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the most common naturally occurring plant hormone, can exert stimulatory at low concentrations and inhibitory effects at high concentrations on the growth of the green alga Desmodesmus. The morphological characteristics of Desmodesmus changed drastically under exposure to IAA compared with the algae in the control environment. The proportion of Desmodesmus unicells in monocultures increased with the IAA concentration, and these unicells exhibited less possibility of sedimentation than large cells. Furthermore, we discovered that lipid droplets accumulated in algal cells grown at a high IAA concentration. Results also demonstrated that the presence of algal competitor further stimulated inducible morphological changes in Desmodesmus populations. The relative abundance of competitors influenced the proportion of induced morphological changes. The results indicate that phenotypic plasticity in microalgae can be a response to fluctuating environments, in which algae optimize the cost-benefit ratio.

ACS Style

Tan-Ya Chung; Chih-Yen Kuo; Wei-Jiun Lin; Wei-Lung Wang; Jui-Yu Chou. Indole-3-acetic-acid-induced phenotypic plasticity in Desmodesmus algae. Scientific Reports 2018, 8, 10270 .

AMA Style

Tan-Ya Chung, Chih-Yen Kuo, Wei-Jiun Lin, Wei-Lung Wang, Jui-Yu Chou. Indole-3-acetic-acid-induced phenotypic plasticity in Desmodesmus algae. Scientific Reports. 2018; 8 (1):10270.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tan-Ya Chung; Chih-Yen Kuo; Wei-Jiun Lin; Wei-Lung Wang; Jui-Yu Chou. 2018. "Indole-3-acetic-acid-induced phenotypic plasticity in Desmodesmus algae." Scientific Reports 8, no. 1: 10270.

Journal article
Published: 05 June 2018 in Sustainability
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This study aims to gain further insights to Chinese and Taiwanese university students’ environmental literacy on ecotourism. A structural equation model is developed and validated in an effort to explore the differences between Chinese and Taiwanese university students in terms of their environmental knowledge, environmental attitude, and behavioral intentions. The results showed that the ecotourism perception of Chinese and Taiwanese university students affect their behavioral intentions. Chinese university students exhibited a higher correlation between ecotourism knowledge and behavioral intentions than their Taiwanese counterparts. The findings also revealed differences between the Chinese and Taiwanese students in their perception of ecotourism, and this disparity was particularly evident with regards to how ecotourism should be governed. A moderate difference in ecotourism behavioral intentions was also identified, in which Taiwanese university students were less likely to engage in self-empowerment or private empowerment, to be more educated in the field of ecotourism than their Chinese counterparts.

ACS Style

Wei-Ta Fang; Ching-Yu Lien; Yueh-Wen Huang; Guosheng Han; Guey-Shin Shyu; Jui-Yu Chou; Eric Ng. Environmental Literacy on Ecotourism: A Study on Student Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavioral Intentions in China and Taiwan. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1886 .

AMA Style

Wei-Ta Fang, Ching-Yu Lien, Yueh-Wen Huang, Guosheng Han, Guey-Shin Shyu, Jui-Yu Chou, Eric Ng. Environmental Literacy on Ecotourism: A Study on Student Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavioral Intentions in China and Taiwan. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):1886.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei-Ta Fang; Ching-Yu Lien; Yueh-Wen Huang; Guosheng Han; Guey-Shin Shyu; Jui-Yu Chou; Eric Ng. 2018. "Environmental Literacy on Ecotourism: A Study on Student Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavioral Intentions in China and Taiwan." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1886.

Journal article
Published: 25 May 2018 in Sustainability
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The aim of this nationwide survey was to assess undergraduate students’ environmental literacy level in Taiwan. A total of 29,498 valid responses were received from a number of selected colleges and universities in Taiwan, using stratified random sampling method. A total of 70 items were used to assess the environmental literacy and the results revealed that undergraduate students had a relatively low level of environmental knowledge and behavior, while a moderate level of environmental attitudes was attained. The findings also indicated no significant correlations between knowledge and attitudes or between knowledge and behavior. However, a higher level of environmental knowledge correlated significantly with a higher degree of pro-environmental behavior, and a higher level of environmental knowledge correlated with stronger attitudes. The results also suggested that females outperformed the males in all categories. Results from this study could contribute towards further relevant policy discussion and decision-making, curriculum design and development to the improvement of environmental education in the higher education sector.

ACS Style

Shih-Wu Liang; Wei-Ta Fang; Shin-Cheng Yeh; Shiang-Yao Liu; Huei-Min Tsai; Jui-Yu Chou; Eric Ng. A Nationwide Survey Evaluating the Environmental Literacy of Undergraduate Students in Taiwan. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1730 .

AMA Style

Shih-Wu Liang, Wei-Ta Fang, Shin-Cheng Yeh, Shiang-Yao Liu, Huei-Min Tsai, Jui-Yu Chou, Eric Ng. A Nationwide Survey Evaluating the Environmental Literacy of Undergraduate Students in Taiwan. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):1730.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shih-Wu Liang; Wei-Ta Fang; Shin-Cheng Yeh; Shiang-Yao Liu; Huei-Min Tsai; Jui-Yu Chou; Eric Ng. 2018. "A Nationwide Survey Evaluating the Environmental Literacy of Undergraduate Students in Taiwan." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1730.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2016 in Fungal Biology
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Microorganisms can promote plant growth through direct and indirect mechanisms. Compared with the use of bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, the use of yeasts as plant growth–promoting agents has not been extensively investigated. In this study, yeast isolates from the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of the medicinally important plant Drosera spathulata Lab. were assessed for their plant growth–promoting traits. All isolates were tested for indole-3-acetic acid–, ammonia-, and polyamine-producing abilities, calcium phosphate and zinc oxide solubilizing ability, and catalase activity. Furthermore, the activities of siderophore, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, and fungal cell wall–degrading enzymes were assessed. The antagonistic action of yeasts against pathogenic Glomerella cingulata was evaluated. The cocultivation of Nicotiana benthamiana with yeast isolates enhanced plant growth, indicating a potential yeast–plant interaction. Our study results highlight the potential use of yeasts as plant biofertilizers under controlled and field conditions.

ACS Style

Shih-Feng Fu; Pei-Feng Sun; Hsueh-Yu Lu; Jyuan-Yu Wei; Hong-Su Xiao; Wei-Ta Fang; Bai-You Cheng; Jui-Yu Chou. Plant growth-promoting traits of yeasts isolated from the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of Drosera spatulata Lab. Fungal Biology 2016, 120, 433 -448.

AMA Style

Shih-Feng Fu, Pei-Feng Sun, Hsueh-Yu Lu, Jyuan-Yu Wei, Hong-Su Xiao, Wei-Ta Fang, Bai-You Cheng, Jui-Yu Chou. Plant growth-promoting traits of yeasts isolated from the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of Drosera spatulata Lab. Fungal Biology. 2016; 120 (3):433-448.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shih-Feng Fu; Pei-Feng Sun; Hsueh-Yu Lu; Jyuan-Yu Wei; Hong-Su Xiao; Wei-Ta Fang; Bai-You Cheng; Jui-Yu Chou. 2016. "Plant growth-promoting traits of yeasts isolated from the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of Drosera spatulata Lab." Fungal Biology 120, no. 3: 433-448.

Review
Published: 15 July 2015 in Plant Signaling & Behavior
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Plants as well as microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). IAA is the most common plant hormone of the auxin class and it regulates various aspects of plant growth and development. Thus, research is underway globally to exploit the potential for developing IAA-producing fungi for promoting plant growth and protection for sustainable agriculture. Phylogenetic evidence suggests that IAA biosynthesis evolved independently in bacteria, microalgae, fungi, and plants. Present studies show that IAA regulates the physiological response and gene expression in these microorganisms. The convergent evolution of IAA production leads to the hypothesis that natural selection might have favored IAA as a widespread physiological code in these microorganisms and their interactions. We summarize recent studies of IAA biosynthetic pathways and discuss the role of IAA in fungal ecology.

ACS Style

Shih-Feng Fu; Jyuan-Yu Wei; Hung-Wei Chen; Yen-Yu Liu; Hsueh-Yu Lu; Jui-Yu Chou. Indole-3-acetic acid: A widespread physiological code in interactions of fungi with other organisms. Plant Signaling & Behavior 2015, 10, e1048052 .

AMA Style

Shih-Feng Fu, Jyuan-Yu Wei, Hung-Wei Chen, Yen-Yu Liu, Hsueh-Yu Lu, Jui-Yu Chou. Indole-3-acetic acid: A widespread physiological code in interactions of fungi with other organisms. Plant Signaling & Behavior. 2015; 10 (8):e1048052.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shih-Feng Fu; Jyuan-Yu Wei; Hung-Wei Chen; Yen-Yu Liu; Hsueh-Yu Lu; Jui-Yu Chou. 2015. "Indole-3-acetic acid: A widespread physiological code in interactions of fungi with other organisms." Plant Signaling & Behavior 10, no. 8: e1048052.

Journal article
Published: 19 March 2015 in Sustainability
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Bird watching is one of many recreational activities popular in ecotourism. Its popularity, therefore, prompts the need for studies on energy conservation. One such environmentally friendly approach toward minimizing bird watching’s ecological impact is ensuring a reduced carbon footprint by using an economic travel itinerary comprising a series of connected routes between tourist attractions that minimizes transit time. This study used a travel-route planning approach using geographic information systems to detect the shortest path, thereby solving the problems associated with time-consuming transport. Based on the results of road network analyses, optimal travel-route planning can be determined. These methods include simulated annealing (SA) and genetic algorithms (GA). We applied two algorithms in our simulation research to detect which one is an appropriate algorithm for running carbon-routing algorithms at the regional scale. SA, which is superior to GA, is considered an excellent approach to search for the optimal path to reduce carbon dioxide and high gasoline fees, thereby controlling travel time by using the shortest travel routes.

ACS Style

Wei-Ta Fang; Chin-Wei Huang; Jui-Yu Chou; Bai-You Cheng; Shang-Shu Shih. Low Carbon Footprint Routes for Bird Watching. Sustainability 2015, 7, 3290 -3310.

AMA Style

Wei-Ta Fang, Chin-Wei Huang, Jui-Yu Chou, Bai-You Cheng, Shang-Shu Shih. Low Carbon Footprint Routes for Bird Watching. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (3):3290-3310.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei-Ta Fang; Chin-Wei Huang; Jui-Yu Chou; Bai-You Cheng; Shang-Shu Shih. 2015. "Low Carbon Footprint Routes for Bird Watching." Sustainability 7, no. 3: 3290-3310.