The basis of this study was the analysis of the human capital reproductive processes in the Republic of Kazakhstan, considering the gender component. The object was the human capital of Kazakhstan’s regions, and the subject was the gender aspect of human capital development. Mincer’s supplemented human capital assessment model was the primary model for calculating human capital. Factors influencing the effective use of human capital in the regions, considering the gender component, were identified, and their indices were calculated. The analysis showed a persistent gender gap in life expectancy, education level, income, and labour market. Based on the results, leader and outsider regions in terms of the accumulated human capital level were identified. The analysis indicates the responsible attitude of the government of the Republic of Kazakhstan towards developing gender equality. Over the past ten years, Kazakhstan has advanced significantly in its efforts to empower women in the socio-political sphere. The Republic of Kazakhstan has assumed obligations under several international agreements, adopted many laws, and developed government measures critical for increasing women’s participation in government activities.

The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of regional differences using key economic indicators and identify regional disparities. The study used the method of multidimensional comparative analysis and the possibility of applying it to the assessment of the economic potential of the regions Kazakhstan. The assessment includes indicators divided into three groups: financial and economic conditions, business development indicators and the standard of living of residents. The level of tax collection reflects the economic activity and productivity of business in the region, the assessment of business development indicators provides valuable information about the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the region and the growth rates of SMEs and industry in the region, the assessment of the standard of living of residents allows you to get an idea of the quality of life in the region. Target indicators were selected for the assessment, such as the receipt of taxes to the budget and the National Fund of Kazakhstan, GRP, the number of SMEs and its share in GDP, investments in fixed assets, retail trade, population growth, Average wages, the population with an income below the subsistence minimum. The results of the study can be used both at the state and local administrative level to develop programs and strategies aimed at reducing regional disparities, stimulating economic growth, and improving infrastructure in underdeveloped regions.

In this paper the theoretical and methodological aspects of migration processes research, focusing specifically on "labour migration" are examined, theories of migration of population and workforce by domestic and foreign scholars are analyzed. Historical periods of the development of labour migration in Kazakhstan and the main trends of external labour migration in the modern era are discussed. The characteristics, motives, distinctive features, types, and indicators of labour migration are highlighted. Special attention is given to identifying the primary reasons and factors of external labour migration. The directions of migration in Kazakhstan and the main sectors attracting foreign labour are analyzed. External labour migration in Kazakhstan is presented as a result of socio-economic development and implemented migration policies. As a result of the study, it is concluded that Kazakhstan is a recipient country within the post-Soviet space; with its labour market being supplemented by foreign labour and low-skilled labour immigrants primarily from Central Asian countries. A notable feature of the flow of labour migration from Central Asian republics to Kazakhstan is a high proportion of illegally employed among them. At the same time, one of the significant trends in external labour migration is the decrease in the emigration of compatriots alongside a substantial outflow of skilled professionals, in other words "brain drain." It is noted that despite the existence of numerous scientific studies on migration, the aspects of labour migration i0n the Republic of Kazakhstan remains insufficiently presented

Accelerated and uneven demographic growth in Kazakhstan is shaping spatially differentiated demand dynamics for places in early childhood education institutions and first-grade classes, necessitating anticipatory planning. The aim of the study is to analyze the impact of demographic growth on preschool and primary education infrastructure, to forecast the demand for places using the cohort-age method, and to develop targeted recommendations to prevent infrastructure shortages. The study applies an agecohort (cohort-component) projection integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and business intelligence (BI) visualization to assess regional needs without relying on school “capacity” calculations. In 2029, the number of preschool-age children is expected to increase primarily in the southern and western regions, indicating the need to expand the network of early childhood education providers. By 2030, the highest first-grade intake is projected in Almaty region (approximately 5.8 thousand), Kyzylorda region (approximately 5.4 thousand), and Shymkent city (approximately 5.9 thousand). Regression analysis confirmed the significant impact of fertility (β=0.48; p<0.01) and migration (β=0.31; p<0.05) on the infrastructural load. These estimates provide a foundation for prioritizing and phasing in additional seats, planning workforce needs, targeting the allocation of resources and subsidies, and aligning construction plans with anticipated demographic dynamics, measures that will promote more equitable access to education and strengthen the resilience of regional systems.

This paper examines spatial differentiation of urban systems in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan under simultaneous demographic and ecological pressure (2019–2024). An Eco-Demographic Stress Index (EDSI) is developed integrating normalised data on net migration balance, urban green space deficit, water stress risk, and urbanisation level. Typology of 21 regions identifies three stable types: absorber cores (EDSI ≥ 0.70; 7 units), buffer zones (0.40–0.69; 2 units), and active donors under critical ecological stress (< 0.40; 12 units). Differentiated planning strategies are proposed in alignment with SDG 11 and SDG 13.

This paper examines spatial differentiation of urban systems in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan under simultaneous demographic and ecological pressure (2019–2024). An Eco-Demographic Stress Index (EDSI) is developed integrating normalised data on net migration balance, urban green space deficit, water stress risk, and urbanisation level. Typology of 21 regions identifies three stable types: absorber cores (EDSI ≥ 0.70; 7 units), buffer zones (0.40–0.69; 2 units), and active donors under critical ecological stress (< 0.40; 12 units). Differentiated planning strategies are proposed in alignment with SDG 11 and SDG 13.