Background/Objectives: Periodontal and implant therapies frequently require soft tissue augmentation for optimal outcomes. As the hard palate serves as the primary donor site, this study evaluated palatal masticatory mucosa thickness variations in a Saudi population of the Eastern Province using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) at a teaching dental hospital, providing site-specific data for clinical applications. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 215 CBCT scans from systemically healthy, non-smoking adults (>18 years) was conducted at the University Dental Hospital. Measurements were taken at 12 standardized sites (3 mm, 6 mm, and 9 mm from the cementoenamel junction) across maxillary canines, premolars, and first molars. Statistical analysis included Friedman’s test and t-tests. Results: Significant site variations were observed, with the second premolar region showing greatest thickness (3.48 ± 0.80 mm at 9 mm) and the first molar region the lowest (1.88 ± 0.63 mm at 3 mm) (p < 0.001). Mucosal thickness generally increased coronally to apically (p < 0.001). Age >35 years correlated with significantly thicker mucosa (p < 0.05), while no statistically significant gender-based differences were observed for all sites (p > 0.05). Conclusions: CBCT provides reliable, non-invasive assessment of palatal mucosa thickness. These findings offer region-specific data for consideration in periodontal and implant procedures involving soft tissue grafting.

Background/Objectives: Accurate selection of stainless steel crown (SSC) size is essential for successful restoration of primary molars. Conventional crown selection relies on a trial-and-error approach, which may increase chair time and reduce clinical efficiency. Preoperative digital radiographic measurements may provide an objective adjunct for predicting SSC size; however, evidence supporting their agreement with clinically selected crown sizes remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the agreement between preoperative digital radiographic measurements and clinically fitted SSC size in primary molars, and to assess whether this agreement is influenced by dental arch or tooth type. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed archived patient records and preoperative digital radiographs of pediatric patients who received SSCs on primary molars. Mesiodistal tooth dimensions were measured and converted to SSC sizes according to manufacturer guidelines. The clinically fitted and cemented crown size, as recorded in the patient chart, served as the reference standard against which radiographically predicted size was compared. Intra-examiner reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Associations were analyzed using chi-square tests and binomial logistic regression (p ≤ 0.05). Given repeated teeth within patients, the primary logistic regression model was additionally re-fit using generalized estimating equations (GEEs) with an exchangeable working correlation structure and robust standard errors, and prediction error was further characterized using near-miss accuracy, direction of bias, weighted kappa, and Bland–Altman analysis. Results: A total of 152 primary molars from 71 patients were included. Intra-examiner reliability was excellent (ICC = 0.99). Radiographic prediction agreed with the clinically fitted crown size in 33.6% of cases, and 69.7% of predictions fell within one crown size of the cemented crown. Agreement was significantly higher for mandibular molars than maxillary molars (p = 0.010) and varied by tooth type (p < 0.001). Mandibular molars were more likely to show accurate prediction (OR = 2.52; 95% CI: 1.23–5.17); this association remained statistically significant after accounting for within-patient clustering using GEEs with an exchangeable correlation structure (OR = 2.46; 95% CI: 1.10–5.49; p = 0.029). Maxillary first molars showed a systematic under-prediction of exactly two crown sizes in 97% of cases (mean bias −2.00), identifying a specific, correctable calibration problem. Conclusions: Preoperative digital radiographic measurements show moderate agreement with clinically fitted crown size and may serve as a useful adjunct to clinical judgment for SSC size selection, particularly for mandibular molars. Because the reference standard reflects clinical judgment itself rather than an independent anatomical gold standard, these findings should be interpreted as a concordance analysis, and further prospective work is needed before efficiency benefits can be confirmed.

Background: Sagittal root position (SRP) influences immediate implant planning in the maxillary anterior region. Although previous studies have reported straight screw-channel (SSC) and angulated screw-channel (ASC) frequencies, their relationship with SRP classification remains insufficiently characterized. Aim: The aim was to evaluate the association between SRP classification and projected restorative type in virtually planned immediate implants. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 300 selected CBCT scans from Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia, comprising 1800 maxillary anterior teeth. SRP classification, buccal wall thickness, virtual implant eligibility, implant dimensions, and restorative categories were recorded using predefined planning criteria. Mixed-effects models accounted for within-patient clustering, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean buccal wall thickness was 0.86 ± 0.30, 1.09 ± 0.46, and 0.88 ± 0.49 mm at 0, 2, and 4 mm from the crest, respectively. SRP Class I predominated (76.4%). Overall, 1436 sites (79.8%) fulfilled virtual implant planning criteria. Among the eligible sites, 82.5% were classified as ASC, 13.7% as SSC, and 3.8% as cement-retained. ASC frequencies among all sites within SRP Classes I, II, and III were 75.6%, 56.4%, and 52.4%, respectively. After adjustment for tooth type and patient clustering, eligible Class II/III sites had higher odds of SSC classification than Class I sites (OR = 2.60; 95% CI: 1.65–4.09). Conclusions: In this selected CBCT sample, SRP classification was associated with projected restorative requirements. ASC correction expanded the proportion of virtually eligible sites theoretically compatible with screw-retained restorations. These findings describe planning feasibility rather than demonstrated clinical outcomes.

Background: The association between diabetes and periodontal disease is well established, but its impact on intrabony periodontal defects remains unclear. Aims: This study examines the relationship between diabetes and intrabony periodontal defects using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: A retrospective analysis of 99 CBCT images from Imam Abdurrahman bin Faisal University (2010–2022) was conducted. Intrabony periodontal defects were assessed, and logistic regression was used to analyze their association with diabetes. Results: Intrabony periodontal defects were detected in 66% of the sample, with 36% exhibiting multiple defects. Crude logistic regression showed a significant association between diabetes and intrabony periodontal defects (OR 3.986, 95% CI 1.454–10.922) and defect count (OR 3.382, 95% CI 1.430–8.003). However, multiple regression analysis did not confirm diabetes as an independent predictor (adjusted OR 0.740, 95% CI 0.087–6.314). Conclusions: Diabetes was not significantly associated with the prevalence or number of intrabony periodontal defects after adjusting for the confounders. However, these findings highlight the multifactorial nature of periodontal bone loss and the need for comprehensive patient assessment. Clinically, this underscores the importance of integrating both systemic and local periodontal evaluations in diabetic patients to improve early detection and personalized treatment planning. Further research with larger, more diverse samples and integrated clinical assessments is needed to refine our understanding of this relationship and enhance patient management.

Background/Objectives: Alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) is commonly performed following tooth extraction to minimize post-extraction dimensional changes. However, limited information is available regarding root-volume variations among different tooth types. This study aimed to assess the root volumes of maxillary and mandibular teeth using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to compare the measured root volumes with commonly available graft-material package volumes in the context of ARP. Methods: CBCT scans from 53 patients meeting the eligibility criteria were retrospectively evaluated. Fourteen teeth per scan were assessed using a split-mouth approach, resulting in a total of 742 teeth. Root boundaries were identified by two trained and calibrated dentists, and root volumes were calculated using OsiriX MD v13.0.3 software. Statistical comparisons were performed using paired and independent t-tests. Results: Root volumes varied according to tooth type and arch. The maxillary first molar demonstrated the highest mean root volume (0.55 ± 0.10 cm³), whereas the mandibular central incisor demonstrated the lowest (0.11 ± 0.02 cm³). Maxillary teeth showed significantly greater root volumes than their mandibular counterparts. Gender-related differences were limited to the maxillary second premolar and mandibular second molar and were considered of limited clinical relevance. For illustrative comparison, the measured root volumes were considered in relation to commonly available graft-material package volumes, including 0.25 and 0.50 cc; these comparisons do not represent clinically validated graft requirements. Conclusions: This study provides CBCT-derived reference root-volume values for different tooth types and demonstrates variations according to tooth type and arch. Comparison of these measurements with commonly available graft-material package volumes may provide a descriptive volumetric reference in the context of ARP. However, root volume does not directly represent post-extraction socket volume or the quantity of graft material required clinically. Therefore, these comparisons should not be interpreted as recommendations for graft quantity, and prospective clinical studies comparing root volume with actual socket volume and graft utilization are required before clinical application.