Ternary hybrid nanofluids (THNFs) are modern fluids introduced to enhance the performance of conventional hybrid nanofluids (HNFs). Their unique properties make them suitable for diverse applications, ranging from heat exchangers to advanced industrial and medical treatments. Due to the practical applications and innovative features of THNFs, this paper aims to analyze the performance of these fluids to improve the efficiency of modern devices. The THNF is formulated by adding nanoparticles of three different kinds of aluminum oxide (Al ₂ O ₃ ), silicon dioxide (SiO ₂ ), and copper (Cu) into water (H ₂ O) based ethylene glycol (C ₂ H ₆ O ₂ ). The momentum equation is formulated considering the influences of Darcy Forchheimer, permeability, and magnetic field. Thermal radiation, intermolecular friction force, and Joule heating effects are accounted in the thermal field equation. Mass concentration relation is acquired considering binary chemical reaction and activation energy (AE). Additionally, the influence of stratifications (thermal and solutal) at the boundary of the cylinder is considered. The physical phenomenon representing partial differential equations is reduced into ordinary ones utilizing the transformations and then solved via Runge–Kutta Fehlberg (RKF‐45) numerical scheme in Mathematics. Influence of involved sundry variables on HNF and THNF velocity, thermal field, mass concentration, surface drag force (skin friction coefficient), mass, and heat transfer rates were examined. The results showed that the velocity fields of THNF and HNF decay through variables Darcy Forchheimer, porosity, and Hartman number. Thermal field of THNF and HNF improves via radiation parameter, Eckert number, and Hartman number. Local heat transfer rate upsurges versus curvature variable and Prandtl number.

Entropy generation (EG) is intrinsically linked with irreversibilities present within a thermodynamical system, signifying energy losses, mainly in the context of fluid friction and heat transfer. In systems characterized by nanofluid flow, such as those utilized in cooling applications, microelectronics, and heat exchangers, the reduction of EG is essential for augmenting energy efficiency by alleviating these losses. In this communication, mixed convection flow of Sutterby nanoliquid by a porous stretched sheet along with irreversibility is analyzed. The momentum equation is reported by taking mixed convection and magnetic field impacts. Dissipation, Lorentz force, and radiation influences are taken in the development of heat transport relation. The expression for concentration is described by taking the chemical reaction effect. Thermodynamics second law is employed to describe entropy. The partial differential equations (PDEs) indicating the flow phenomenon are altered into self‐similar form via transformations. The NDSolve function of Mathematica package is availed to solve the self‐similar system. The impact of sundry variables on concentration, velocity, Bejan quantity, irreversibility, and thermal field is analyzed graphically. Engineering quantities are discussed numerically. The results reveal that the velocity profile upsurges for higher thermal buoyancy parameter, while it decays for raising magnetic variable. For raising values of Eckert number temperature upsurges, while it decays for an upturn in Prandtl number. Entropy is more for superior values of diffusion and radiation variables.

Purpose: In this work, the effect of porosity volume fraction, porosity types, material grading index, variable disk profiles and aspect ratio on disk performance was studied by performing limit elastic speed analysis of functionally graded porous rotating disks (PFGM) under thermo-mechanical loading.Design/methodology/approach: The composition change was varied by employing the power law function. The thermo-mechanical properties of PFGM such as Young's modulus and yield strength were estimated using modified rule of mixture, for density and coefficient of thermal expansion rule of mixture was used. The even and uneven distribution of porosity in a disk was taken as uniform, symmetrical, inner maximum and outer maximum. The problem was then solved with the help of the variational principle and Galerkin's error minimization theory.Findings: The research reveals that the grading parameter, disk geometry and porosity distribution have a significant impact on the limit elastic speed in comparison to the aspect ratio.Practical implications: The study determines a range of operable speeds for porous and non-porous disk profiles that the industry can utilize to estimate structural performance.Originality/value: A finite element investigation was conducted to validate the findings of the present study. Limit elastic analysis of porous FG disks under thermo-mechanical loading has not been studied before.

This study investigates the propagation of shear horizontal transverse waves in a functionally graded piezoelectric half-space (FGPHS), where the material properties vary linearly and quadratically. The analysis focuses on deriving and understanding the dispersion characteristics of such waves in in-homogeneous media. The WKB approximation method is employed to obtain the dispersion relation analytically, considering the smooth variation of material properties. To validate and study the wave behavior numerically, two advanced techniques were utilized: the Semi-Analytical Finite Element with Perfectly Matched Layer (SAFE-PML) and the Semi-Analytical Infinite Element (SAIFE) method incorporating a (1/r) decay model to simulate infinite media. The numerical implementation uses the Rayleigh–Ritz method to discretize the wave equation, and Gauss 3-point quadrature is applied for efficient numerical integration. The dispersion curves are plotted to illustrate the wave behavior in the graded piezoelectric medium. The results from SAFE-PML and SAIFE are in excellent agreement, indicating that these techniques effectively model the shear horizontal transverse wave propagation in such structures. This study also demonstrates that combining finite and infinite element approaches provides accurate and reliable simulation of wave phenomena in functionally graded piezoelectric materials, which has applications in sensors, actuators, and non-destructive testing.