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Design for additive manufacturing is adopted to help solve problems inherent to attaching active personal sampler systems to workers for monitoring their breathing zone. A novel and parametric 3D printable clip system was designed with an open source Computer-aided design (CAD) system and was additively manufactured. The concept was first tested with a simple clip design, and when it was found to be functional, the ability of the innovative and open source design to be extended to other applications was demonstrated by designing another tooling system. The clip system was tested for mechanical stress test to establish a minimum lifetime of 5000 openings, a cleaning test, and a supply chain test. The designs were also tested three times in field conditions. The design cost and functionalities of the clip system were compared to commercial systems. This study presents an innovative custom-designed clip system that can aid in attaching different tools for personal exposure measurement to a worker’s harness without hindering the operation of the worker. The customizable clip system opens new possibilities for occupational health professionals since the basic design can be altered to hold different kinds of samplers and tools. The solution is shared using an open source methodology.
Kirsi Kukko; Jan Sher Akmal; Anneli Kangas; Mika Salmi; Roy Björkstrand; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen; Jouni Partanen; Joshua M. Pearce. Additively Manufactured Parametric Universal Clip-System: An Open Source Approach for Aiding Personal Exposure Measurement in the Breathing Zone. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 6671 .
AMA StyleKirsi Kukko, Jan Sher Akmal, Anneli Kangas, Mika Salmi, Roy Björkstrand, Anna-Kaisa Viitanen, Jouni Partanen, Joshua M. Pearce. Additively Manufactured Parametric Universal Clip-System: An Open Source Approach for Aiding Personal Exposure Measurement in the Breathing Zone. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (19):6671.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKirsi Kukko; Jan Sher Akmal; Anneli Kangas; Mika Salmi; Roy Björkstrand; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen; Jouni Partanen; Joshua M. Pearce. 2020. "Additively Manufactured Parametric Universal Clip-System: An Open Source Approach for Aiding Personal Exposure Measurement in the Breathing Zone." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19: 6671.
The purpose was to evaluate part properties of the additively manufactured 18-Ni-300-maraging steel in a unified set-up when the printing orientation and the heat treatment were independently changed. Though hardness, shrinkage, and drilling thrust force showed isotropic behavior to a certain extent, anisotropy was observed in flatness, surface roughness, dross, and thread profiles. Solution-treatment increases surface roughness and decreases flatness, surface hardness, drilling thrust force, and thread quality to some extent. Aging treatment significantly increases surface hardness and yet, still allows for cutting of good quality threads. The study aids designers establish and corroborate design for additive manufacturing.
Rizwan Ullah; Jan Sher Akmal; Sampsa Laakso; Esko Niemi. Anisotropy of additively manufactured 18Ni-300 maraging steel: Threads and surface characteristics. Procedia CIRP 2020, 93, 68 -78.
AMA StyleRizwan Ullah, Jan Sher Akmal, Sampsa Laakso, Esko Niemi. Anisotropy of additively manufactured 18Ni-300 maraging steel: Threads and surface characteristics. Procedia CIRP. 2020; 93 ():68-78.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRizwan Ullah; Jan Sher Akmal; Sampsa Laakso; Esko Niemi. 2020. "Anisotropy of additively manufactured 18Ni-300 maraging steel: Threads and surface characteristics." Procedia CIRP 93, no. : 68-78.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a surge of demand for medical supplies and spare parts, which has put pressure on the manufacturing sector. As a result, 3D printing communities and companies are currently operating to ease the breakdown in the medical supply chain. If no parts are available, 3D printing can potentially be used to produce time-critical parts on demand such as nasal swabs, face shields, respirators, and spares for ventilators. A structured search using online sources and feedback from key experts in the 3D printing area was applied to highlight critical issues and to suggest potential solutions. The prescribed outcomes were estimated in terms of cost and productivity at a small and large scale. This study analyzes the number and costs of parts that can be manufactured with a single machine within 24 h. It extrapolates this potential with the number of identical 3D printers in the world to estimate the global potential that can help practitioners, frontline workers, and those most vulnerable during the pandemic. It also proposes alternative 3D printing processes and materials that can be applicable. This new unregulated supply chain has also opened new questions concerning medical certification and Intellectual property rights (IPR). There is also a pressing need to develop new standards for 3D printing of medical parts for the current pandemic, and to ensure better national resilience.
Mika Salmi; Jan Sher Akmal; Eujin Pei; Jan Wolff; Alireza Jaribion; Siavash H. Khajavi. 3D Printing in COVID-19: Productivity Estimation of the Most Promising Open Source Solutions in Emergency Situations. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 4004 .
AMA StyleMika Salmi, Jan Sher Akmal, Eujin Pei, Jan Wolff, Alireza Jaribion, Siavash H. Khajavi. 3D Printing in COVID-19: Productivity Estimation of the Most Promising Open Source Solutions in Emergency Situations. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (11):4004.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMika Salmi; Jan Sher Akmal; Eujin Pei; Jan Wolff; Alireza Jaribion; Siavash H. Khajavi. 2020. "3D Printing in COVID-19: Productivity Estimation of the Most Promising Open Source Solutions in Emergency Situations." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11: 4004.
In craniomaxillofacial surgical procedures, an emerging practice adopts the preoperative virtual planning that uses medical imaging (computed tomography), 3D thresholding (segmentation), 3D modeling (digital design), and additive manufacturing (3D printing) for the procurement of an end-use implant. The objective of this case study was to evaluate the cumulative spatial inaccuracies arising from each step of the process chain when various computed tomography protocols and thresholding values were independently changed. A custom-made quality assurance instrument (Phantom) was used to evaluate the medical imaging error. A sus domesticus (domestic pig) head was analyzed to determine the 3D thresholding error. The 3D modeling error was estimated from the computer-aided design software. Finally, the end-use implant was used to evaluate the additive manufacturing error. The results were verified using accurate measurement instruments and techniques. A worst-case cumulative error of 1.7 mm (3.0%) was estimated for one boundary condition and 2.3 mm (4.1%) for two boundary conditions considering the maximum length (56.9 mm) of the end-use implant. Uncertainty from the clinical imaging to the end-use implant was 0.8 mm (1.4%). This study helps practitioners establish and corroborate surgical practices that are within the bounds of an appropriate accuracy for clinical treatment and restoration.
Jan Sher Akmal; Mika Salmi; Björn Hemming; Linus Teir; Anni Suomalainen; Mika Kortesniemi; Jouni Partanen; Antti Lassila. Cumulative Inaccuracies in Implementation of Additive Manufacturing Through Medical Imaging, 3D Thresholding, and 3D Modeling: A Case Study for an End-Use Implant. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 2968 .
AMA StyleJan Sher Akmal, Mika Salmi, Björn Hemming, Linus Teir, Anni Suomalainen, Mika Kortesniemi, Jouni Partanen, Antti Lassila. Cumulative Inaccuracies in Implementation of Additive Manufacturing Through Medical Imaging, 3D Thresholding, and 3D Modeling: A Case Study for an End-Use Implant. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (8):2968.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJan Sher Akmal; Mika Salmi; Björn Hemming; Linus Teir; Anni Suomalainen; Mika Kortesniemi; Jouni Partanen; Antti Lassila. 2020. "Cumulative Inaccuracies in Implementation of Additive Manufacturing Through Medical Imaging, 3D Thresholding, and 3D Modeling: A Case Study for an End-Use Implant." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8: 2968.
Implementing additive manufacturing in an industry, particularly for critical applications of lightweight aluminum (AlSi10Mg), requires part properties that are both accurate and precise to conform to the intent of a robust design. In this experimental study, the objective was to evaluate anisotropy in part properties (i.e., flatness, surface roughness, surface porosity, surface hardness, pre-hole shrinkage, drilling thrust force, and thread-stripping force) when the part orientation (i.e., print inclination and recoater angle) was independently changed. This study developed and investigated an innovative procedure for determining anisotropy in part properties. The part properties were evaluated by designing specific features on a tailor-made flat plate. The replicas of the aluminum plate were additively manufactured at varying orientations using two commercial EOS parameter sets for the laser-based powder bed fusion technique. Conventional measurement equipment was used to analyze all the part properties, except the thread-stripping force, which was measured using a custom-made setup. All the part properties indicated a considerable degree of anisotropy, excluding the drilling thrust force. The printing parameters dictate the significance of the anisotropy. The anisotropy in flatness and pre-hole shrinkage decreases with an increased substrate temperature and a decrease in energy input and thermal gradient. The presence of surface overlapping contours in the scan strategy and an increased energy input can reduce anisotropy in surface roughness and hardness. No significant anisotropy was detected when the recoater angle was changed. This study helps designers establish and substantiate design for additive manufacturing that is within the limits of appropriate anisotropy for a robust design.
Rizwan Ullah; Jan Sher Akmal; Sampsa V. A. Laakso; Esko Niemi. Anisotropy of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg: threads and surface integrity. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 2020, 107, 3645 -3662.
AMA StyleRizwan Ullah, Jan Sher Akmal, Sampsa V. A. Laakso, Esko Niemi. Anisotropy of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg: threads and surface integrity. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2020; 107 (9-10):3645-3662.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRizwan Ullah; Jan Sher Akmal; Sampsa V. A. Laakso; Esko Niemi. 2020. "Anisotropy of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg: threads and surface integrity." The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 107, no. 9-10: 3645-3662.
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the ability of additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, to produce effective drug delivery devices and implants that are both identifiable, as well as traceable. Drug delivery devices can potentially be used for drug release in the direct vicinity of target tissues or the selected medication route in a patient-specific manner as required. The identification and traceability of additively manufactured implants can be administered through radiofrequency identification systems. The focus of this study is to explore how embedded medication and sensors can be added in different additive manufacturing processes. The concept is extended to biomaterials with the help of the literature. As a result of this study, a patient-specific drug delivery device can be custom-designed and additively manufactured in the form of an implant that can identify, trace, and dispense a drug to the vicinity of a selected target tissue as a patient-specific function of time for bodily treatment and restoration.
Jan Sher Akmal; Mika Salmi; Antti Mäkitie; Roy Björkstrand; Jouni Partanen. Implementation of Industrial Additive Manufacturing: Intelligent Implants and Drug Delivery Systems. Journal of Functional Biomaterials 2018, 9, 41 .
AMA StyleJan Sher Akmal, Mika Salmi, Antti Mäkitie, Roy Björkstrand, Jouni Partanen. Implementation of Industrial Additive Manufacturing: Intelligent Implants and Drug Delivery Systems. Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2018; 9 (3):41.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJan Sher Akmal; Mika Salmi; Antti Mäkitie; Roy Björkstrand; Jouni Partanen. 2018. "Implementation of Industrial Additive Manufacturing: Intelligent Implants and Drug Delivery Systems." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 9, no. 3: 41.