This study reports the development and optimization of a Melissa officinalis oil-based nanoemulgel for transdermal delivery using a Design-of-Experiments (DoE) approach. A Central Composite Design (CCD) was applied to optimize Tween 80 concentration and homogenization time, resulting in a nanoemulsion with a droplet size of 127.31 nm, PDI of 17.7%, and zeta potential of −25.0 mV, indicating good colloidal stability. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups such as O–H, C=O, and C–O–C, supporting the oil’s phytochemical richness and therapeutic potential. DSC analysis revealed enhanced thermal stability and successful encapsulation, while SEM imaging showed a uniform and spherical microstructure. The drug release followed Higuchi kinetics (R² = 0.900), indicating diffusion-driven release, with the Korsmeyer–Peppas model (n = 0.88) suggesting anomalous transport. Antibacterial studies showed inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 250 µg/mL) and Escherichia coli (MIC = 500 µg/mL). In vivo anti-inflammatory testing demonstrated significant edema reduction (p < 0.05) using a carrageenan-induced rat paw model. These results support the potential of Melissa nanoemulgel as a stable and effective topical therapeutic for inflammatory and microbial skin disorders.

The novel bovine viral infection known as lumpy skin disease is common in most African and Middle Eastern countries, with a significant likelihood of disease transfer to Asia and Europe. Recent rapid disease spread in formerly disease-free zones highlights the need of understanding disease limits and distribution mechanisms. Capripox virus, the causal agent, may also cause sheeppox and Goatpox. Even though the virus is expelled through several bodily fluids and excretions, the most common causes of infection include sperm and skin sores. Thus, vulnerable hosts are mostly infected mechanically by hematophagous arthropods such as biting flies, mosquitoes, and ticks. As a result, milk production lowers, abortions, permanent or temporary sterility, hide damage, and mortality occur, contributing to a massive financial loss for countries that raise cattle. These illnesses are economically significant because they affect international trade. The spread of Capripox viruses appears to be spreading because to a lack of effectual vaccinations and poverty in rural areas. Lumpy skin disease has reached historic levels; as a consequence, vaccination remains the only viable option to keep the illness from spreading in endemic as well as newly impacted areas. This study is intended to offer a full update on existing knowledge of the disease's pathological characteristics, mechanisms of spread, transmission, control measures, and available vaccinations.

This research explores the use of a Design of Experiments (DoE) framework for the development and systematic refinement of a nanoemulsion comprising Melissa officinalis essential oil for transdermal drug delivery applications. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of characteristic phytochemical groups such as hydroxyl (–OH), carbonyl (C=O), and ether (C–O–C), pointing to the oil’s phytochemical makeup. To examine the effect of various formulation factors, a Central Composite Design (CCD) was implemented. This strategy aimed to minimize droplet size and enhance emulsion stability by evaluating the influence of Tween 80 concentration and homogenization time. The optimized formulation resulted in an average droplet diameter of 127.31 nm, a polydispersity index of 17.7%, 88.3% transmittance, and a zeta potential of –25.0 mV, indicating favorable colloidal stability and uniformity. The drug release study revealed that the release pattern adhered to the Higuchi model (R² = 0.900; k = 4.63), which suggests a diffusion-driven mechanism. Further kinetic analysis based on the Korsmeyer–Peppas equation (n = 0.88) indicated a non-Fickian, or anomalous, release behavior. In vitro antimicrobial testing showed that Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 250 µg/mL) was more sensitive to the formulation compared to Escherichia coli (MIC = 500 µg/mL). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory efficacy in vivo, using a carrageenan-induced paw edema model, showed that the formulation significantly decreased inflammation (p = 0.005 at 60 minutes), with full reduction by 240 minutes. These outcomes highlight the therapeutic value of Melissa officinalis oil-based nanoemulgel as a promising carrier for transdermal management of microbial infections and inflammatory conditions.