The transportation sector significantly contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and remains a key research focus on emission quantification and mitigation. Although numerous models exist for estimating vehicle-based emissions, most lack accuracy at regional scales, particularly in remote or underdeveloped areas, including backcountry national parks and mountainous regions lacking basic infrastructure. This study addresses that gap by developing and applying a terrain-adjusted, segment-based methodology to estimate GHG emissions from tourist vehicles in Altai Tavan Bogd National Park, one of Mongolia’s most remote protected areas. The proposed method uses Tier 1 IPCC emission factors but incorporates field-segmented route analysis, vehicle categorization, and terrain-based fuel adjustments to achieve a spatially disaggregated Tier 1 approach. Results show that carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions increased from 118.7 tons in 2018 to 2239 tons in 2024. Tourist vehicle entries increased from 712 in 2018 to 13,192 in 2024, with 99.1% of entries occurring between May and October. Over the same period, cumulative methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were estimated at 300.9 kg and 45.75 kg, respectively. This modular approach is especially suitable for high-altitude, infrastructure-limited regions where real-time emissions monitoring is not feasible. By integrating localized travel patterns with global frameworks such as the IPCC 2006 Guidelines, this model enables more precise and context-sensitive GHG estimates from vehicles in national parks and similar environments.

While livestock presence in national parks is often recognized, its environmental impact is usually treated as a separate issue, and it is commonly assumed that livestock numbers decline as tourism develops. However, this study examines the case of Mongolia, where livestock numbers have actually increased alongside tourism growth, leading to negative environmental consequences. This study introduces and explores the phenomenon termed “tourism-induced livestock concentration”, referring to the rise in livestock numbers driven by unsustainable tourism development and the subsequent settlement of herders in the protected areas. This study is the first in Mongolia to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from livestock in specially protected areas, providing a focused analysis of the ecological footprint of tourism through GHG emissions. The findings confirm that tourism contributes to increased GHG emissions in these protected areas. Specifically, in Altai Tavan Bogd National Park, the number of tourists staying in the area increased by 2.7 times, while livestock numbers rose by 3.3 times during the study period. The results indicate that the growth in livestock populations, driven by tourism, has led to higher GHG emissions and intensified grazing pressure, negatively impacting the habitats and sustainability of rare plant and animal species within the park.

This study focuses on the synthesis of microporous carbon adsorbents derived from Shoptykol coal (Maikuben basin) via potassium hydroxide (KOH) chemical activation at two ratios (1:0.5 and 1:1), and on the evaluation of their hydrogen adsorption–desorption performance. The samples were prepared under an inert nitrogen atmosphere and characterized using particle size analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, BET surface area measurements, SEM/TEM microscopy, and gas sorption techniques. Hydrogen storage behavior was investigated using a high-pressure volumetric adsorption system over a wide range of pressures and temperatures, including cryogenic conditions (77 K and 80 bar). The experimental data were analyzed using Langmuir isotherm modeling, kinetic models (pseudo-first and pseudo-second order, Weber–Morris diffusion), and thermodynamic approaches based on van’t Hoff and Arrhenius equations. The Shoptykol:KOH (1:1) sample demonstrated higher adsorption capacity, achieving up to 6.6 wt% hydrogen storage at 77 K and 80 bar, as well as faster adsorption–desorption kinetics and lower activation energy compared to the 1:0.5 sample. Overall, optimized alkaline activation of coal-derived carbon materials is an effective strategy for producing high-performance adsorbents, and the 1:1 sample shows superior hydrogen storage properties for energy storage applications.

The aim of the research work was to study the hydrogen sorption properties of carbonized adsorbents obtained from coal from the Shubarkol deposit in Kazakhstan. The adsorbents were prepared by heat treatment with K2CO3. The morphological features of the obtained adsorbents were determined by the SEM method. The structure of the materials was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of the studies showed the largest specific surface area (653.024 m²/g), which determines its effective hydrogen sorption capacity. The adsorption-desorption isotherm of mesopores of the powdered carbonized adsorbent "Shubarkol:K2CO3" 1:0.5, 900ºC refers to a type I microporous material. The adsorption-desorption isotherm of the powdered carbonized adsorbent "Shubarkol:K2CO3" 1:1, 900ºC indicates that it has a macroporous or uneven solid surface of type II. In this regard, the powder "Shubarkol:K2CO3" 1:1 is recognized as the optimal material for storing hydrogen due to its high specific surface, developed microporous structure and ability to adsorb hydrogen.

In the era of global climate challenges, Kazakhstan, like many countries around the world, faces the necessity of rethinking its approach to environmental policy. As part of international commitments, particularly the Paris Agreement, our country employs various regulatory tools aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, setting ambitious yet realistic goals. In the context of these global efforts, Kazakhstan has identified key economic sectors for regulation within the emissions trading system at the legislative level. Within this market mechanism, priority areas requiring special attention and regulation include only energy and industry. However, the transport sector is also significant in terms of its impact on climate change, where the potential for emission reduction is also considerable. Given the substantial contribution of emissions from mobile sources to the total volume of national greenhouse gas emissions and the growing necessity to achieve global climate goals, there is an urgent need to integrate the transport sector into existing greenhouse gas emission regulatory mechanisms. This article explores the potential and prospects for including the transport sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the emissions trading system, specifically presenting the possibilities for regulating emissions from mobile sources, introducing an assessment approach, and constructing a proposed model for their measurement. Key words: greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, transport sector, mobile sources, emissions trading system, carbon market

The article is devoted to the study of methods for cleaning soils contaminated with petroleum products in the process of eco-tourism in order to preserve the natural environment. Bakoil-KZ biological product, created on the basis of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms, was used for soil purification. The use of this drug increased the degree of soil purification from petroleum products from 67.8% to 97.2%, with the most effective dosage being 2 g/kg. Morphological analysis and biotesting using watercress sprouts showed the absence of toxic properties in the purified soil. In experiments with the addition of Bakoil-KZ (1 g/kg and 5 g/kg), 84–82% and 88–90% of seeds germinated, respectively, which indicates soil purification. In polluted soil, only 19–23 seed specimens (38–46%) germinated without the addition of biological products, which indicates a slow self-purification process. The use of Bakoil-KZ is environmentally safe, prevents environmental disasters, requires fewer resources and allows land plots of various scales to be cleaned without damage to the ecosystem. This makes the drug an effective tool for soil restoration in touristically active areas. Effective management of soil pollution elimination and the use of modern cleaning methods, such as Bakoil-KZ biologics, play a key role in preserving the pristine nature of unique natural areas. The introduction of sustainable tourism practices and technologies will help minimize the negative impact on the environment and contribute to the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems.