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The concept of smart cities has gained significant momentum in science and policy circles over the past decade. This study aims to provide an overview of the structure and trends in the literature on smart cities. Bibliometric analysis and science mapping techniques using VOSviewer and CiteSpace are used to identify the thematic focus of over 5000 articles indexed in the Web of Science since 1991. In addition to providing insights into the thematic evolution of the field, the three-decade study period is divided into two sub-periods (1991–2015 and 2016–2021). While splitting the dataset into more sub-periods would have been desirable, we decided to only examine two sub-periods as only very few papers have been published until 2010. The annual number of publications has progressively increased since then, with a surge in the annual number of publications observable from 2015 onwards. The thematic analysis showed that the intellectual base of the field has been very limited during the first period, but has expanded significantly since 2015. Over time, some thematic evolutions, such as further attention to linkages to climate change and resilience, and more emphasis on security and privacy issues, have been made. The thematic analysis shows that existing research on smart cities is dominated by either conceptual issues or underlying technical aspects. It is, therefore, essential to do more research on the implementation of smart cities and actual and/or potential contributions of smart cities to solving societal issues. In addition to elaborating on thematic focus, the study also highlights major authors, journals, references, countries, and institutions that have contributed to the development of the smart cities literature.
Ayyoob Sharifi; Zaheer Allam; Bakhtiar Feizizadeh; Hessam Ghamari. Three Decades of Research on Smart Cities: Mapping Knowledge Structure and Trends. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7140 .
AMA StyleAyyoob Sharifi, Zaheer Allam, Bakhtiar Feizizadeh, Hessam Ghamari. Three Decades of Research on Smart Cities: Mapping Knowledge Structure and Trends. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7140.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyyoob Sharifi; Zaheer Allam; Bakhtiar Feizizadeh; Hessam Ghamari. 2021. "Three Decades of Research on Smart Cities: Mapping Knowledge Structure and Trends." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7140.
The Internet of Things (IoT) has come of age, and complex solutions can now be implemented seamlessly within urban governance and management frameworks and processes. For cities, growing rates of car ownership are rendering parking availability a challenge and lowering the quality of life through increased carbon emissions. The development of smart parking solutions is thus necessary to reduce the time spent looking for parking and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The principal role of this research paper is to analyze smart parking solutions from a technical perspective, underlining the systems and sensors that are available, as documented in the literature. The review seeks to provide comprehensive insights into the building of smart parking solutions. A holistic survey of the current state of smart parking systems should incorporate the classification of such systems as big vehicular detection technologies. Finally, communication modules are presented with clarity.
Can Biyik; Zaheer Allam; Gabriele Pieri; Davide Moroni; Muftah O’Fraifer; Eoin O’Connell; Stephan Olariu; Muhammad Khalid. Smart Parking Systems: Reviewing the Literature, Architecture and Ways Forward. Smart Cities 2021, 4, 623 -642.
AMA StyleCan Biyik, Zaheer Allam, Gabriele Pieri, Davide Moroni, Muftah O’Fraifer, Eoin O’Connell, Stephan Olariu, Muhammad Khalid. Smart Parking Systems: Reviewing the Literature, Architecture and Ways Forward. Smart Cities. 2021; 4 (2):623-642.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCan Biyik; Zaheer Allam; Gabriele Pieri; Davide Moroni; Muftah O’Fraifer; Eoin O’Connell; Stephan Olariu; Muhammad Khalid. 2021. "Smart Parking Systems: Reviewing the Literature, Architecture and Ways Forward." Smart Cities 4, no. 2: 623-642.
The socio-economic impacts on cities during the COVID-19 pandemic have been brutal, leading to increasing inequalities and record numbers of unemployment around the world. While cities endure lockdowns in order to ensure decent levels of health, the challenges linked to the unfolding of the pandemic have led to the need for a radical re-think of the city, leading to the re-emergence of a concept, initially proposed in 2016 by Carlos Moreno: the “15-Minute City”. The concept, offering a novel perspective of “chrono-urbanism”, adds to existing thematic of Smart Cities and the rhetoric of building more humane urban fabrics, outlined by Christopher Alexander, and that of building safer, more resilient, sustainable and inclusive cities, as depicted in the Sustainable Development Goal 11 of the United Nations. With the concept gaining ground in popular media and its subsequent adoption at policy level in a number of cities of varying scale and geographies, the present paper sets forth to introduce the concept, its origins, intent and future directions.
Carlos Moreno; Zaheer Allam; Didier Chabaud; Catherine Gall; Florent Pratlong. Introducing the “15-Minute City”: Sustainability, Resilience and Place Identity in Future Post-Pandemic Cities. Smart Cities 2021, 4, 93 -111.
AMA StyleCarlos Moreno, Zaheer Allam, Didier Chabaud, Catherine Gall, Florent Pratlong. Introducing the “15-Minute City”: Sustainability, Resilience and Place Identity in Future Post-Pandemic Cities. Smart Cities. 2021; 4 (1):93-111.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Moreno; Zaheer Allam; Didier Chabaud; Catherine Gall; Florent Pratlong. 2021. "Introducing the “15-Minute City”: Sustainability, Resilience and Place Identity in Future Post-Pandemic Cities." Smart Cities 4, no. 1: 93-111.
With the advance of 5G technologies by both academia and industry, 5G adoption is gaining widespread acceptance in numerous cities, prompting further innovations in Smart City technologies riding on the wave of the Internet of Things (IoT). However, even in its infancy stage, the speed of technological advancement is already highlighting the limitations of 5G, and its potentially short lifespan as new technologies are rendered obsolete faster. This fast-moving field is coupled with an ongoing and increasing funding into Research & Development (R&D) efforts by private corporations, to potentially commercialise on the surge in demand for ‘smarter’ cities’, This paper aims to chart the major directions and scope emerging dimensions inherent to 6G technology, including Digital Twins and Immersive Realities (XR) that, when applied to cities that are currently being equipped with digital infrastructural backbones, may have direct socio-economic impacts upon our lives while responding to the tenets of the Sustainable Development Goal 11. Looking at the future 6G technology this article considers the prospects of 6G, and its associated concepts, and its relations as they pertain to Future, Smart, Digital and Sustainable Cities.
Zaheer Allam; David S. Jones. Future (post-COVID) digital, smart and sustainable cities in the wake of 6G: Digital twins, immersive realities and new urban economies. Land Use Policy 2020, 101, 105201 .
AMA StyleZaheer Allam, David S. Jones. Future (post-COVID) digital, smart and sustainable cities in the wake of 6G: Digital twins, immersive realities and new urban economies. Land Use Policy. 2020; 101 ():105201.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Allam; David S. Jones. 2020. "Future (post-COVID) digital, smart and sustainable cities in the wake of 6G: Digital twins, immersive realities and new urban economies." Land Use Policy 101, no. : 105201.
Chinese cities have been placed upon lockdown in early 2020 in an attempt to contain the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), as increasingly huge demands are being placed upon Chinese and international health professionals to address this pandemic. Surprisingly, planning and design professionals are absent in the discourses about existing and post−COVID-19 strategies and actions even though previous pandemics historically revealed major impacts on the urban fabric from social and economic perspectives. This paper is a call for action for international architectural and urban organisations to include pandemics and similar in their disaster management strategies. This need is very evident in their need to better design creative and relevant protocols in partnership with health discipine organisations, and so that their applied deployment in pandemic stricken cities can be effected integrated seamlessly within normal city environment planning activities and also in incident situations like containing the current COVID-19 pandemic.
Zaheer Allam; David S. Jones. Pandemic stricken cities on lockdown. Where are our planning and design professionals [now, then and into the future]? Land Use Policy 2020, 97, 104805 .
AMA StyleZaheer Allam, David S. Jones. Pandemic stricken cities on lockdown. Where are our planning and design professionals [now, then and into the future]? Land Use Policy. 2020; 97 ():104805.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Allam; David S. Jones. 2020. "Pandemic stricken cities on lockdown. Where are our planning and design professionals [now, then and into the future]?" Land Use Policy 97, no. : 104805.
Predictive computing tools are increasingly being used and have demonstrated successfulness in providing insights that can lead to better health policy and management. However, as these technologies are still in their infancy stages, slow progress is being made in their adoption for serious consideration at national and international policy levels. However, a recent case evidences that the precision of Artificial Intelligence (AI) driven algorithms are gaining in accuracy. AI modelling driven by companies such as BlueDot and Metabiota anticipated the Coronavirus (COVID-19) in China before it caught the world by surprise in late 2019 by both scouting its impact and its spread. From a survey of past viral outbreaks over the last 20 years, this paper explores how early viral detection will reduce in time as computing technology is enhanced and as more data communication and libraries are ensured between varying data information systems. For this enhanced data sharing activity to take place, it is noted that efficient data protocols have to be enforced to ensure that data is shared across networks and systems while ensuring privacy and preventing oversight, especially in the case of medical data. This will render enhanced AI predictive tools which will influence future urban health policy internationally.
Zaheer Allam; Gourav Dey; David S. Jones. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Provided Early Detection of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) in China and Will Influence Future Urban Health Policy Internationally. AI 2020, 1, 156 -165.
AMA StyleZaheer Allam, Gourav Dey, David S. Jones. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Provided Early Detection of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) in China and Will Influence Future Urban Health Policy Internationally. AI. 2020; 1 (2):156-165.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Allam; Gourav Dey; David S. Jones. 2020. "Artificial Intelligence (AI) Provided Early Detection of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) in China and Will Influence Future Urban Health Policy Internationally." AI 1, no. 2: 156-165.
As the Coronavirus (COVID-19) expands its impact from China, expanding its catchment into surrounding regions and other countries, increased national and international measures are being taken to contain the outbreak. The placing of entire cities in ‘lockdown’ directly affects urban economies on a multi-lateral level, including from social and economic standpoints. This is being emphasised as the outbreak gains ground in other countries, leading towards a global health emergency, and as global collaboration is sought in numerous quarters. However, while effective protocols in regard to the sharing of health data is emphasised, urban data, on the other hand, specifically relating to urban health and safe city concepts, is still viewed from a nationalist perspective as solely benefiting a nation’s economy and its economic and political influence. This perspective paper, written one month after detection and during the outbreak, surveys the virus outbreak from an urban standpoint and advances how smart city networks should work towards enhancing standardization protocols for increased data sharing in the event of outbreaks or disasters, leading to better global understanding and management of the same.
Zaheer Allam; David S. Jones. On the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak and the Smart City Network: Universal Data Sharing Standards Coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Benefit Urban Health Monitoring and Management. Healthcare 2020, 8, 46 .
AMA StyleZaheer Allam, David S. Jones. On the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak and the Smart City Network: Universal Data Sharing Standards Coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Benefit Urban Health Monitoring and Management. Healthcare. 2020; 8 (1):46.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Allam; David S. Jones. 2020. "On the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak and the Smart City Network: Universal Data Sharing Standards Coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Benefit Urban Health Monitoring and Management." Healthcare 8, no. 1: 46.
Tradable permit schemes (TPS) are market‐based policy instruments, which are claimed to be more statically and dynamically efficient in achieving their policy objectives compared to the traditional regulatory instruments. However, some researchers argue that the high level of transaction costs associated with these policy instruments might undermine their efficiency. This paper addresses this issue through exploring the use of Blockchain technology in order to lower transaction costs that arise from TPS transactions. More specifically, it identifies the benefits of using Blockchain smart contracts in implementing TPS that include: increasing the amount of relevant information available to interested actors thus reducing uncertainties; reducing the amount of irrelevant information available to interested actors thus decreasing complexities; correcting information asymmetries among the actors involved thus limiting opportunistic behaviours; lowering the need for the involvement of intermediaries thus decreasing direct monetary costs; and facilitating the linkage between buyers and sellers thus improving trading quality. These potential benefits can increase the efficiency of TPS by decreasing policy‐related transaction costs.
Sina Shahab; Zaheer Allam. Reducing transaction costs of tradable permit schemes using Blockchain smart contracts. Growth and Change 2019, 51, 302 -308.
AMA StyleSina Shahab, Zaheer Allam. Reducing transaction costs of tradable permit schemes using Blockchain smart contracts. Growth and Change. 2019; 51 (1):302-308.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSina Shahab; Zaheer Allam. 2019. "Reducing transaction costs of tradable permit schemes using Blockchain smart contracts." Growth and Change 51, no. 1: 302-308.
Religious influences on urbanism are not only manifested through how places of worship have shaped cities across time but also encompass sociological, cultural, and political dimensions. This is witnessed through the grand monuments that stood the test of time, or through how the relationship of religion and politics has had a long story. Even though modern society is more educated, the role of religion is still having an impact on contemporary urban form and on society at large. This chapter explores how this phenomenon occurs in the discourse of increasing urbanization coupled with the impacts of climate change. In view of the challenges faced by cities, this chapter further ponders if religious dogmas are still applicable and current, and thus serving society just as well as religious bodies.
Zaheer Allam. Religion and Urban Planning. Rethinking Map Literacy 2019, 1 -19.
AMA StyleZaheer Allam. Religion and Urban Planning. Rethinking Map Literacy. 2019; ():1-19.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Allam. 2019. "Religion and Urban Planning." Rethinking Map Literacy , no. : 1-19.
A rapid urbanisation rate, coupled with an increasing global population, equates to a surge in energy demand; threatening sustainable transitions from fossil fuel. However, faced with the impacts of climate change and increasing geopolitical accords, cities are turning towards Renewable Energy sources to meet this demand, but this is a complex matter in Megacities where land availability is scarce for the construction of new, or larger, power plants. As the number of Megacities is expected to increase in the near future, the need for decentralised and sustainable solutions that are technically and economically viable for both the state and the private sector need to be sought. This paper dwells into an extensive review of literature studying energy generation in the case of Megacities, and highlight the dimensions required for them to achieve increased sustainability and resilience. A model, inspired from urban complexity theories, aimed at generating decentralised grid networks -based on the dimensions of Energy Diversification, Land Fragmentation and Fiscal Mechanisms, is proposed with a new way at looking at energy grids from a geometrical and morphological perspective while supporting economic dimensions that will encourage its implementation at both policy and project level. This paper is aimed towards Urban and Energy Planners and Policy Makers looking at how to power Megacities as well as cities facing rapid urbanisation.
Allam Zaheer; Zaheer Allam. SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE IN MEGACITIES THROUGH ENERGY DIVERSIFICATION, LAND FRAGMENTATION AND FISCAL MECHANISMS. Sustainable Cities and Society 2019, 53, 101841 .
AMA StyleAllam Zaheer, Zaheer Allam. SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE IN MEGACITIES THROUGH ENERGY DIVERSIFICATION, LAND FRAGMENTATION AND FISCAL MECHANISMS. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2019; 53 ():101841.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAllam Zaheer; Zaheer Allam. 2019. "SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE IN MEGACITIES THROUGH ENERGY DIVERSIFICATION, LAND FRAGMENTATION AND FISCAL MECHANISMS." Sustainable Cities and Society 53, no. : 101841.
The role of religion and urban planning need to be evaluated and explored from an objective standpoint. This must be done void of emotional connections usually accentuated by psychological bias. In this last chapter, the thematic of religion as a political tool is reiterated to support the argument that irrationality can often accompany the subject, and how it could, on the contrary, made to contribute to urbanism from a spiritual standpoint. The works of Christopher Alexander offer some perspective on the matter and further reiterates how design can undermine our innate connection to the universe and made to support religious and spiritual claims. Those are represented through his concept of wholeness, which is supported by other leaders in the field such as Nikos Salingaros. Finally, in the pursuit of objectivity, the thematic of religion and science is evoked and a clear delineation is made as to where each should stand when it comes to urban planning.
Zaheer Allam. Theology, Spirituality, and Urban Objectivity. Rethinking Map Literacy 2019, 69 -79.
AMA StyleZaheer Allam. Theology, Spirituality, and Urban Objectivity. Rethinking Map Literacy. 2019; ():69-79.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Allam. 2019. "Theology, Spirituality, and Urban Objectivity." Rethinking Map Literacy , no. : 69-79.
With an unprecedented increase in urbanization, urban sprawl is seen as arguably the single biggest threat to the biodiversity of cities and regions by supporting an increasingly high dependency on fossil fuel consumption. However, while the topic of urban sprawl has been widely documented through sciences such as urban planning, ecology, environment, infrastructure, and others, there have been little, to no literature on the correlation between urban morphology and the sociological and religious viewpoints of individual housing units; making the grounds for sprawl. This perspective chapter puts forth the argument that religious matrimony contributes largely to Urban Sprawl through the contemporary dogma of monogamy and nuclear family as being basic social units. In this essence, it highlights unsustainable a fundamental land-use policy fuelled largely by religious practices. While the author does not dispute religious claims, the chapter supports that the sustainability of cities need to be reviewed and questioned through equal terms in religious belief systems; which impact on both urban morphology and society. This chapter is aimed towards urban theorists, anthropologists, and sociologists.
Zaheer Allam. Religious Matrimony, Urban Sprawl and Urban Morphology. Rethinking Map Literacy 2019, 21 -35.
AMA StyleZaheer Allam. Religious Matrimony, Urban Sprawl and Urban Morphology. Rethinking Map Literacy. 2019; ():21-35.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Allam. 2019. "Religious Matrimony, Urban Sprawl and Urban Morphology." Rethinking Map Literacy , no. : 21-35.
The subject of faith has been observed to emanate in view of uncertain dimensions that impact negatively on psychological and liveability levels of individuals or of collective societies. However, as the amount of data increases from contemporary urban planning concepts such as Smart Cities, there are increasing tools for forecasting and predictions based on machine learning and artificial intelligence that can provide precise and accurate information; thus, reducing unknowns and uncertainties. While those are seen to increase the efficiency and performance of urban fabrics, there is an equal understanding that those can be made to impact on faith, and consequently on the governance of cities; which are shown to be intricately linked with religious principles and ethos. The subject of faith, data and governance thus emerges and is shown to be of larger significance as the role of technology is made more pronounced in urban areas.
Zaheer Allam. Theology, Sustainability and Big Data. Rethinking Map Literacy 2019, 53 -67.
AMA StyleZaheer Allam. Theology, Sustainability and Big Data. Rethinking Map Literacy. 2019; ():53-67.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Allam. 2019. "Theology, Sustainability and Big Data." Rethinking Map Literacy , no. : 53-67.
The subject of death can be difficult to deal with due to the varying number of religious practices and their difference in beliefs regarding afterlife. However, many of them converge towards the burying of the dead to help in the ascent towards a peaceful afterlife. This has been a practice led since time immemorial. This practice, however, while it brings positive emotional responses and helps in the way people may find closure with the deceased, can be argued to be unsustainable in the way that it consumes space. This is especially emphasized in the case of increasing population growth and that of urbanization leading to scarcity of land. To build this case, This chapter explores three cemetery cases and, explores through a review of literature, the contemporary discourse on ethics and morality as to the question who gains more importance, the living or the dead pertaining to the questions of increased urbanization and the problems it welcomes regarding land scarcity, gentrification, and housing unaffordability. This chapter further showcases how there are now emerging forces between urban and graveyard sprawl, which can cause social tensions and impact on property value, and hence; discourage residential areas around graveyards, even if those are in highly populated areas.
Zaheer Allam. Urban and Graveyard Sprawl: The Unsustainability of Death. Theology and Urban Sustainability 2019, 37 -52.
AMA StyleZaheer Allam. Urban and Graveyard Sprawl: The Unsustainability of Death. Theology and Urban Sustainability. 2019; ():37-52.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Allam. 2019. "Urban and Graveyard Sprawl: The Unsustainability of Death." Theology and Urban Sustainability , no. : 37-52.
Policy decisions and urban governance are being influenced by an emergence of data from internet of things (IoT), which forms the backbone of Smart Cities, giving rise to Big Data which is processed and analyzed by Artificial Intelligence models at speeds unknown to mankind decades ago. This is providing new ways of understanding how well cities perform, both in terms of economics as well as in health. However, even though cities have been increasingly digitalized, accelerated by the concept of Smart Cities, the exploration of urban health has been limited by the interpretation of sensor data from IoT devices, omitting the inclusion of data from human anatomy and the emergence of biological data in various forms. This paper advances the need for expanding the concept of Big Data beyond infrastructure to include that of urban health through human anatomy; thus, providing a more cohesive set of data, which can lead to a better knowledge as to the relationship of people with the city and how this pertains to the thematic of urban health. Coupling both data forms will be key in supplementing the contemporary notion of Big Data for the pursuit of more contextualized, resilient, and sustainable Smart Cities, rendering more liveable fabrics, as outlined in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 and the New Urban Agenda.
Zaheer Allam; Houriiyah Tegally; Meelan Thondoo. Redefining the Use of Big Data in Urban Health for Increased Liveability in Smart Cities. Smart Cities 2019, 2, 259 -268.
AMA StyleZaheer Allam, Houriiyah Tegally, Meelan Thondoo. Redefining the Use of Big Data in Urban Health for Increased Liveability in Smart Cities. Smart Cities. 2019; 2 (2):259-268.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Allam; Houriiyah Tegally; Meelan Thondoo. 2019. "Redefining the Use of Big Data in Urban Health for Increased Liveability in Smart Cities." Smart Cities 2, no. 2: 259-268.
While the topic of climate change is of global importance and has global consequences, the context is far more dangerous for emerging economies, including small island developing states (SIDS) and their coastal cities. The literature supports the need for robustness in infrastructural dimensions of such economies. However, the preparatory economic aspects have been overlooked in favour of post-impact disaster management studies by many countries. The latter studies have also focused upon the need for heavy financial investments without investigating solutions for economic strengthening of those economies including climate change mitigation and affordability. As such, emerging SIDS economies have struggled to meet these obligations from their internal finances that draw predominantly from tax revenue sources and foreign aid thereby often leading to increased debts contributing to economic austerity and decreasing liveability levels when repayment commitments fail. Public-private partnerships (PPP), another sought-after loan strategy, which often attracts foreign direct investment (FDI), can work if PPPs are carefully designed within strict public monitoring criteria. However, their applicability needs to be expanded to include the wider social strata of a city to ensure inclusivity and cohesiveness, and formulated to contribute to a wider urban regeneration agenda. This paper proposes a more inclusive framework bridging governance with drivers for sustainable development, using urban heritage and culture as a strategic thread for debt repayment and economic empowerment through PPP. This paper seeks to inform policymakers on sustainable pathways as it relates to SIDS cultural heritage conservation policies and practices towards better economic resilience in the wake of climate change.
Zaheer Allam; David Jones. Climate Change and Economic Resilience through Urban and Cultural Heritage: The Case of Emerging Small Island Developing States Economies. Economies 2019, 7, 62 .
AMA StyleZaheer Allam, David Jones. Climate Change and Economic Resilience through Urban and Cultural Heritage: The Case of Emerging Small Island Developing States Economies. Economies. 2019; 7 (2):62.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Allam; David Jones. 2019. "Climate Change and Economic Resilience through Urban and Cultural Heritage: The Case of Emerging Small Island Developing States Economies." Economies 7, no. 2: 62.
Different religious practices sport varying beliefs and principles regarding death, but many of them converge towards the burying of the dead to help in the ascent towards a peaceful afterlife. As documented in various anthropological works, this practice has been perpetrated in the Anthropocene, but is primarily dictated by religious grounds; which is a driver of sociological mannerism through psychological means. However, as the world witnesses unparalleled demographic growth, coupled with a proportional urbanisation rate, land space is becoming scarce; hence leading to a surge in property prices which drives housing unaffordability and societal inequity; which ultimately impacts on liveability levels and economic growth. This paper explores the case of the city of Queens in New York and dwells in, through a review of literature, the contemporary discourse in ethics and morality as to the question of who is more important to be housed, the living or the dead, in contrast to contemporary issues of rising importance regarding urbanisation relating to land scarcity, gentrification, and housing unaffordability.
Zaheer Allam. The city of the living or the dead: On the ethics and morality of land use for graveyards in a rapidly urbanised world. Land Use Policy 2019, 87, 104037 .
AMA StyleZaheer Allam. The city of the living or the dead: On the ethics and morality of land use for graveyards in a rapidly urbanised world. Land Use Policy. 2019; 87 ():104037.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Allam. 2019. "The city of the living or the dead: On the ethics and morality of land use for graveyards in a rapidly urbanised world." Land Use Policy 87, no. : 104037.
Mauritius, a small island developing state (SIDS), has an approved government-issued smart city framework geared at facilitating the development of smart cities through an application of Internet of things. In an attempt to move away from privately-operated urban developments in the form of newly built smart cities, an alternate framework has been proposed by Allam and Newman to redefine this timely concept for existing cities with the main dimensions being metabolism, culture, and governance. This new framework focuses on liveability and sustainability that builds on the cultural and historical dimensions of existing cities. This study adds to the redefined smart city paradigm by proposing a new pillar in the form of smart tourism for the city of Port Louis, Mauritius. This paper reviews models of smart tourism and explores how this can be grafted to the Allam and Newman’s smart city model. The findings of this study seek to inform policy makers on alternate and the more relevant economic potential of smart tourism for the city of Port Louis.
Yeshna Jessie Dabeedooal; Vickramsingh Dindoyal; Zaheer Allam; David S. Jones. Smart Tourism as a Pillar for Sustainable Urban Development: An Alternate Smart City Strategy from Mauritius. Smart Cities 2019, 2, 153 -162.
AMA StyleYeshna Jessie Dabeedooal, Vickramsingh Dindoyal, Zaheer Allam, David S. Jones. Smart Tourism as a Pillar for Sustainable Urban Development: An Alternate Smart City Strategy from Mauritius. Smart Cities. 2019; 2 (2):153-162.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYeshna Jessie Dabeedooal; Vickramsingh Dindoyal; Zaheer Allam; David S. Jones. 2019. "Smart Tourism as a Pillar for Sustainable Urban Development: An Alternate Smart City Strategy from Mauritius." Smart Cities 2, no. 2: 153-162.
Through the Internet of things (IoT), as promoted by smart cities, there is an emergence of big data accentuating the use of artificial intelligence through various components of urban planning, management, and design. One such system is that of artificial neural networks (ANNs), a component of machine learning that boasts similitude with brain neurological networks and its functioning. However, the development of ANN was done in singular fashion, whereby processes are rendered in sequence in a unidimensional perspective, contrasting with the functions of the brain to which ANN boasts similitude, and in particular to the concept of neuroplasticity which encourages unique complex interactions in self-learning fashion, thereby encouraging more inclusive urban processes and render urban coherence. This paper takes inspiration from Christopher Alexander’s Nature of Order and dwells in the concept of complexity theory; it also proposes a theoretical model of how ANN can be rendered with the same plastic properties as brain neurological networks with multidimensional interactivity in the context of smart cities through the use of big data and its emerging complex networks. By doing so, this model caters to the creation of stronger, richer, and more complex patterns that support Alexander’s concept of “wholeness” through the connection of overlapping networks. This paper is aimed toward engineers with interdisciplinary interest looking at creating more complex and intricate ANN models, and toward urban planners and urban theorists working on the emerging contemporary concept of smart cities.
Zaheer Allam. Achieving Neuroplasticity in Artificial Neural Networks through Smart Cities. Smart Cities 2019, 2, 118 -134.
AMA StyleZaheer Allam. Achieving Neuroplasticity in Artificial Neural Networks through Smart Cities. Smart Cities. 2019; 2 (2):118-134.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Allam. 2019. "Achieving Neuroplasticity in Artificial Neural Networks through Smart Cities." Smart Cities 2, no. 2: 118-134.
The rapid rise in urbanization internationally is both driving and stressing our consumption patterns, including that of land use. Urban sprawl is arguably one of the most important threats to human and nature biodiversity given its reliance upon fossil fuel exploitation and consumption. The need for increasing the density of cities is required to contain urban expansion in land size. However, while the footprint density of cities is increasing, vacant plots are prized and rare in most urban areas. Tradable air rights development is seen as a potential solution to provide developers the option of increasing density while encouraging an emerging urban economy. However, the price speculation of air rights is a danger and counter to a fair and inclusive real estate market. This paper proposes a new model that encourages the trading of time-sensitive air rights through Smart Contracts in the Blockchain as a means of prevention against urban sprawl.
Zaheer Allam; David Sydney Jones. The Potential of Blockchain within Air Rights Development as a Prevention Measure against Urban Sprawl. Urban Science 2019, 3, 38 .
AMA StyleZaheer Allam, David Sydney Jones. The Potential of Blockchain within Air Rights Development as a Prevention Measure against Urban Sprawl. Urban Science. 2019; 3 (1):38.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Allam; David Sydney Jones. 2019. "The Potential of Blockchain within Air Rights Development as a Prevention Measure against Urban Sprawl." Urban Science 3, no. 1: 38.