Industrial wastes contain more toxins that get dissolved in the rivers and lakes, which are means of freshwater reservoirs. The contamination of freshwater leads to various issues for microorganisms and humans. This paper proposes a novel method to remove excess copper from the water. The nanotubes are used as a powder in membrane form to remove the copper from the water. The multiwalled carbon nanotube is widely used as a membrane for filtration. It contains many graphene layers of nm size that easily adsorbs the copper when the water permeates through it. Activated carbon is the earliest and most economical method that also adsorbs copper to a certain extent. This paper proposes the methods of involving the activated carbon in the multiwalled carbon nanotube to improve the adsorption capability of the copper. Here, activated carbon is impregnated on the multiwalled carbon nanotube’s defect and imperfect surface areas. It makes more adsorption sites on the surface, increasing the adsorption amount. The same method is applied to Hydroxyl functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Both the methods showed better results and increased the copper removal. The functionalized method removed 93.82% copper, whereas the nonfunctionalized method removed 80.62% copper from the water.

The current work focuses on peanut shells and agricultural wastes richly in many nations subjected to pyrolysis treatment at various temperatures in the range of 500–800°C to determine the feasible physiochemical characteristics of the biochar. The biochars with the high surface area were employed to adsorb Pb²⁺ (lead) ions, the heaviest pollutants in the water bodies. The raw material, biochar, and pyrolyzed biochar were characterized by SEM, FTIR, partial and elemental analysis, and BET tests. The adsorption characteristics of the biochar, pre‐ and postpyrolysis treatment, were studied with the assistance of batch adsorption tests under varying test conditions. Adsorbing conditions were determined by evaluating the effects of adsorbing parameters like initial concentration of the lead in water, pH of the adsorbent, contact time, and mixing speed on the effective adsorption of Pb²⁺ ions from water. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Themkin isotherm expressions were employed to study the experimental results. The adsorption kinetics study showed that the synthesized biochars were chemically stable enough to adsorb the Pb ions onto the surface.

The current research is concerned with the production of an LM25‐FE3O4—Gr metal matrix hybrid composites (MMHCs) and the analysis of its dry sliding wear conditions. The hybrid composites were made out of 3 wt% Fe3O4 and 4 wt% Gr particles with a mesh size of 200 meshes and were made using the stir casting method. Wear test on Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal arrays employs three process parameters: load, sliding velocity, and distance, each changed for three levels on a pin‐on‐disc tester position. The wear behavior of hybrid composite was investigated using loads of 20 N, 40 N, and 60 N; velocities of 2 m/s, 4 m/s, and 6 m/s; and distances of 1,000 m, 2,000 m, and 3,000 m. The major parameters were developed utilizing the signal‐to‐noise ratio by selecting “smaller‐is‐better” wear rates and COF features. FESEM was used to look at the worn surfaces of the composite specimen in order to determine the wear mechanism. Wear properties are enhanced in materials having aluminium hybrid metal matrix composites. According to the ANOVA table, the load parameter has the greatest impact on wear resistance and coefficient of friction, with maximum load values of 35.64 N and 5.782 N, respectively.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have revolutionized various industries due to their adaptability, efficiency, and capability to operate in diverse environments. However, conventional UAV designs face trade-offs between flight endurance and maneuverability. This study explores the design, analysis, and optimization of a biplane quadrotor UAV, integrating the vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) capabilities of multirotors with the aerodynamic efficiency of fixed-wing aircraft to enhance flight endurance while maintaining high maneuverability. The UAV’s structural design incorporates biplane wings with different NACA airfoil configurations (NACA4415, NACA0015, and NACA0012) to assess their impact on drag reduction, stress distribution, and flight efficiency. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations in ANSYS Fluent 2023 R2 (Canonsburg, PA, USA).reveal that the NACA0012 airfoil achieves the highest drag reduction (75.29%), making it the most aerodynamically efficient option. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) further demonstrates that NACA4415 exhibits the lowest structural stress (95.45% reduction), ensuring greater durability and load distribution. Additionally, a hybrid flight control system, combining Backstepping Control (BSC) and Integral Terminal Sliding Mode Control (ITSMC), is implemented to optimize transition stability and trajectory tracking. The results confirm that the biplane quadrotor UAV significantly outperforms conventional quadcopters in terms of aerodynamic efficiency, structural integrity, and energy consumption, making it a promising solution for surveillance, cargo transport, and long-endurance missions. Future research will focus on material enhancements, real-world flight testing, and adaptive control strategies to further refine UAV performance in practical applications.

This research investigates the multi-objective optimization of micro-milling processes for the titanium alloy Ti-3Al-2.5V (grade 9) through the application of grey relational analysis. The incorporation of nanometer-sized particles in hybrid machining lubricants plays a crucial role in improving heat transfer during machining. The approach aims to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of micro-milling by addressing various performance metrics simultaneously, leading to better machining results for this titanium alloy. Additionally, the integration of nanoparticles into the machining lubricant significantly improves the lubrication properties, reducing friction during the machining process. The study analyzed four machining parameters: machining speed, rate of feed, axial depth of cut, and the weight percentage concentration of hybrid machining lubricants Multi-wall Carbon Nano Tube and Alumina Oxide (MWCNT and Al₂O₃). The machining nanolubricant was formulated by adding 1% and 2% volume concentrations of MWCNT and Al₂O₃ nanoparticles to the industrial machining fluid. In this machining context, the friction between the machining tool and the Ti-3Al-2.5V work piece is a vital factor influencing the output quality. The results demonstrate that the chosen machining parameters and machining lubricants have a direct impact on the coefficient of friction and surface roughness. The study concludes that utilizing machining nanolubrication for machining Ti-3Al-2.5V (grade 9) significantly enhances the quality compared with traditional machining lubricants.