This study extends prior work on soy hydrolysate by developing a sprinkle food formula and evaluating its iron bioavailability and effectiveness in improving iron status among adolescent girls over an eight-week intervention. The soybean hydrolysate was produced through sequential steam blasting and enzymatic hydrolysis. It was characterized by its molecular weight distribution-predominantly <15 kDa-and amino acid composition, with high levels of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and arginine, known for their iron-binding properties. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted involving 106 female adolescents, comparing serum ferritin levels before and after an eight-week intervention with either the hydrolysate-fortified or control sprinkle product. A significant increase in serum ferritin levels was observed among participants with low baseline ferritin (<11 ng/mL) who consumed the soy-hydrolysate-fortified formula, indicating enhanced iron absorption. No significant improvement was detected in participants with normal ferritin but low hemoglobin levels, suggesting that the benefit of soy hydrolysate is more pronounced in individuals with depleted iron stores. Baseline dietary intake and serum profiles were similar between groups, indicating that the benefits observed were likely due to the bioactive properties of soy hydrolysate, especially its amino acid composition and molecular weight that support iron absorption. Fortification with hydrolyzed soybean peptides represents a promising strategy to improve iron status and reduce the risk of anemia, while the applied processing method offers an effective, value-added use of agricultural resources.

This study investigated sawdust-derived activated carbon (SAC) as a sustainable reinforcing filler for vulcanized rubber bushings (VRBs). Two types SAC200 (75 µm, carbonized at 200 °C) and SAC400 (38 µm, carbonized at 400 °C) were chemically activated and incorporated into natural rubber (NR) at 25–55 phr loadings, while SAC free VRBs served as controls. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed that SAC400 exhibited stronger hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups, indicating higher surface reactivity compared with SAC200. The incorporation of SAC increased cross-linking density, thereby enhancing both curing behavior and mechanical performance. VRBs reinforced with SAC400 demonstrated higher maximum torque (up to 38.07 kg·cm), shorter scorch time (5 min 58 s), and reduced cure time (11 min 05 s) relative to SAC200 and the control. Mechanical properties improved markedly, with hardness and tensile strength rising from 45 Shore A and 5.52 MPa in the control to 70 Shore A and 13.40 MPa in SAC400. Although elongation at break decreased slightly, it remained within the acceptable range for dynamic applications. Swelling resistance also increased, reaching 101.76% at 25 °C and 106.61% at 100 °C. Overall, SAC400 consistently outperformed SAC200 and the control, highlighting its potential as a renewable, biomass-derived filler for high-performance rubber bushings and promising a sustainable alternative to conventional fillers in industrial applications.

In its application, Ca-stearate served as a processing aid to smooth the flow of rubber in the mold and reduce the viscosity value during the printing process of rubber goods. This study aims to observe the application of ca-stearate synthesis of palm oil derivatives compared to commercial ca-stearate manufacturing rubber goods between rubber processing aid (RPA) formulas. The testing was adjusted to the industry's evaluation parameters for the rubber goods production process. The results of the Spiral Flow Test showed that the length of rubber flow with RPA was 53.14%, and the commercial RPA was 38.16% longer than without RPA. The weight of rubber samples with RPA was 54.86%, while the commercial RPA was 42.58% heavier than without RPA. As for the hardness value, the change in the value of the Compression set was 25%, 100 o C, 72hrs, Tensile Strength (tensile strength), and Elongation at Break. The rubber processing aid formulation of Ca-based palm oil derivatives excels in the 3 PHR rubber formula; 68kgf, 2.72kg/ cm 2 , 966.713kg/cm 2 , and 145.75%.