Vulcanization is an important step in the manufacture of solid tires in which the crosslinking process occurs. In vulcanization, the materials commonly used as activators and coactivators are ZnO and stearic acid, respectively. In this research, ZnO and stearic acid were replaced with zinc stearate to improve the characteristics of vulcanized rubber. Zinc stearate was applied in four formulas with a composition of 5 to 9 phr. A formula that is often used in the rubber industry was used as a comparison, and ZnO and stearic acid of 5 phr and 2.5 phr, respectively, were applied. The rubber compound for solid tire production was developed using an open mill at a compounding temperature of 45 °C ± 5 °C. The vulcanization process of developing the rubber compound into vulcanized rubber was carried out at 150 °C for 20 min. Rubber compound test results showed that the use of zinc stearate at a ratio of 8 phr accelerated the curing time (t₉₀) between 58.3% and 69%, the scorch time (ts2) between 22.4% and 95.5%, and the torque delta (Δ_s) between 17.67 and 24.21 kg-cm. In addition, the vulcanized rubber mechanical properties test results for the compression set parameter increased between 28.6% and 57.1%. Scan results with SEM–EDS showed that using ZS could improve the homogeneous distribution of the material in the vulcanized matrix of solid tire rubber.

Infrastructure developments in recent decades have led to increasing demand for high-performance paints for construction and decorative purposes. Emulsion paint is water-based paint that is commonly used for coating the internal and external surfaces of a building. The quality and performance of this emulsion paint are highly dependent on its constituent components, such as binders, pigment, solvents, and additives. Emulsion paints initially used conventional formaldehyde-based binders and were, for some reason, prohibited from being used in paints due to health and environmental issues. The development of bio-based paints with natural rubber latex (NRL) has the potential to be developed as an emulsion paint binder. The results showed that NRL grafting of styrene monomer or MMA showed much better resistance to wet scrub and abrasion than PVAc at a monomer concentration of 20%, for styrene, and 30%, for MMA, with washability values reaching each of 11 and 12 cycles at 4% binder concentration. The NgSt20-4 and NgMMA30-4 binders’ abilities to overcome wet scrub and abrasion increased with increasing paint binder concentrations, reaching 22 and 23 cycles at 10% binder concentration. Overall, the combination of NRL grafted with MMA monomer and 30% PVAc showed better performance and could compete with commercial binders such as PVAc. Adding methyl methacrylate monomer increases the adhesion and cohesion properties of the binder and increases the binder’s resistance to scrubbing and wet abrasion. However, the combination of NRL grafted MMA and 30% PVAc showed the same effectiveness as NRL grafted MMA without PVAc, with more economical production costs.

Overloading and climate change are often problems in pavement structures. For this reason, hard asphalt binders have high softening points, are elastic, and have good adhesion, which is needed to improve pavement performance. Asphalt binder performance can be enhanced by adding additives such as natural rubber or natural-rubber-modified asphalt. However, natural-rubber-modified asphalt shows poor storage stability problems. This is due to differences in density and viscosity between the constituent components of natural-rubber-modified asphalt. This study examines the phase separation mechanism in technically specified natural rubber (TSNR) modified asphalt. Prediction of the optimum storage length of modified asphalt before phase separation occurs, using a combined incompressible Navier–Stokes and phase field model and carried out with COMSOL Multiphysics software version 5.5. Experimental validation was conducted at TSNR levels of 8, 10, and 12% at 160 °C for 48 h, with and without sulfur. The simulation showed that the asphalt modified with TSNR experienced phase separation after 12 h of storage at 160 °C under conditions without stirring. This aligns with the experimental results, which showed phase separation at 160 °C after 48 h. Adding sulfur additives did not have much effect on improving storage stability. The combined incompressible Navier–Stokes and phase field model accurately describes the phase separation in TSNR-modified asphalt. The results of this research recommend that the industry store natural-rubber-modified asphalt in a constantly stirred condition to prevent phase separation of modified asphalt. In addition, the results of this research help the industry predict or increase the homogeneity of polymer-modified asphalt production and save time and costs.

Plastic packaging poses significant environmental challenges due to its resistance to natural degradation. In response, there has been a growing body of research dedicated to developing sustainable packaging alternatives, particularly those based on biodegradable materials. Biopolymer‐based packaging is widely recognized for its enhanced environmental compatibility, owing to its capacity for natural decomposition and reduced ecological footprint. This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of recent advancements in biopolymer coatings for food packaging, with a focus on their potential to enhance food safety, quality, and shelf life. Analysis of publications from 2015 to 2024 indicates a substantial and consistent rise in scholarly output related to biopolymer‐based packaging solutions, driven by global efforts to mitigate plastic waste and its associated environmental impacts. The findings suggest that the future trajectory of biodegradable packaging research should emphasize the development of materials that simultaneously support human health and environmental sustainability. Bibliometric mapping identified polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), chitosan, and cellulose‐based polymers as key areas of innovation, highlighting their increasing prominence and interdisciplinary research significance. These materials are notable for their biodegradability, and many also exhibit intrinsic functional properties such as antimicrobial and antioxidant activities—attributes that are highly desirable in food packaging applications. Biopolymer coatings, in particular, have demonstrated excellent barrier properties, including controlled permeability to moisture and oxygen, which are critical for maintaining food integrity. Such coatings contribute to extended shelf life by minimizing dehydration and oxidative damage while concurrently offering protection against microbial contamination. Despite the promising functional characteristics of these materials, several challenges continue to hinder their widespread adoption. Key barriers include high production costs, the limited availability of industrial composting infrastructure, and the general lack of consumer awareness regarding appropriate disposal practices. Addressing these challenges will require coordinated efforts across research, industry, and policy domains. To enable scalable implementation, future innovation must achieve critical advancements in materials science, biopolymer production efficiency, and regulatory alignment. A comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach will be essential to realize the full potential of biopolymer coatings as sustainable alternatives to conventional plastic packaging.

One of the main obstacles to producing natural rubber-modified asphalt is the difficulty of mixing Technical Specification Natural Rubber (TSNR) or its compounds with asphalt, leading to long mixing times and high costs. This study aims to evaluate the use of 60/70 penetration asphalt as a plasticizer to accelerate the mixing process and improve the rheological properties of modified asphalt using Technical Specification Natural Rubber (TSNR). The production process for technical specification natural rubber-modified asphalt involves two stages: the production of the technical specification natural rubber compound (CTSNR) and the production of CTSNR-based modified asphalt (CTSNRMA). The CTSNR production process begins with mastication of technical specification natural rubber (TSNR), followed by the addition of activators (zinc oxide, stearic acid), accelerators (Mercaptobenzothiazole sulfenamide (MBTS)), antioxidants (2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ)), and 60/70 penetration asphalt as a plasticizer (at concentrations of 30%, 40%, and 50%). After homogeneous mixing for 30–60 min, the CTSNR is diluted 5–10 mm for the next mixing stage with hot asphalt at 160–170 °C. The best results of this study showed that CTSNR-modified asphalt with 4% rubber content and 50% plasticizer (CTSNRM-450) successfully reduced the mixing time to 16 min, making it more efficient than the traditional method, which takes up to 180 min. The addition of asphalt plasticizer decreased penetration to 35.6 dmm and increased the softening point to 55.4 °C. The CTSNRMA-440 formula, with 4% rubber content and 40% plasticizer, produced the best results in terms of storage stability, meeting the ASTM D5892 standard with a softening-point difference of 0.95 °C, which is well below the threshold of 2.2 °C. The CTSNRMA-440 sample achieved a Performance Grade (PG) of 76, suitable for hot-climate conditions, with a significant reduction in mixing time, greater stability, and increased resistance to high temperatures.

This study investigated sawdust-derived activated carbon (SAC) as a sustainable reinforcing filler for vulcanized rubber bushings (VRBs). Two types SAC200 (75 µm, carbonized at 200 °C) and SAC400 (38 µm, carbonized at 400 °C) were chemically activated and incorporated into natural rubber (NR) at 25–55 phr loadings, while SAC free VRBs served as controls. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed that SAC400 exhibited stronger hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups, indicating higher surface reactivity compared with SAC200. The incorporation of SAC increased cross-linking density, thereby enhancing both curing behavior and mechanical performance. VRBs reinforced with SAC400 demonstrated higher maximum torque (up to 38.07 kg·cm), shorter scorch time (5 min 58 s), and reduced cure time (11 min 05 s) relative to SAC200 and the control. Mechanical properties improved markedly, with hardness and tensile strength rising from 45 Shore A and 5.52 MPa in the control to 70 Shore A and 13.40 MPa in SAC400. Although elongation at break decreased slightly, it remained within the acceptable range for dynamic applications. Swelling resistance also increased, reaching 101.76% at 25 °C and 106.61% at 100 °C. Overall, SAC400 consistently outperformed SAC200 and the control, highlighting its potential as a renewable, biomass-derived filler for high-performance rubber bushings and promising a sustainable alternative to conventional fillers in industrial applications.