Parents increasingly rely on large language models (LLMs) to obtain pediatric health information; however, the accuracy, clinical appropriateness, and readability of AI-generated responses remain variable. This concern is particularly relevant for rickets, a preventable metabolic bone disease in which delayed recognition or inappropriate guidance may result in adverse outcomes. This study aimed to compare the content quality, clinical appropriateness, and readability of responses generated by contemporary LLMs to parent-oriented questions about rickets using structured, multidisciplinary expert evaluation. Twenty-two frequently asked parent-oriented questions regarding rickets were identified from authoritative patient education resources and categorized into four thematic domains. Each question was posed to three LLMs (GPT-5.1, DeepSeek V3.2, and Gemini 3 Pro) using a standardized parent-focused prompt. Responses were collected as single-turn outputs between November 16 and 20, 2025. All responses were anonymized and independently evaluated by four clinicians (two pediatricians and two orthopedic surgeons). Content quality was assessed using a modified Artificial Intelligence Evaluation Score for Common Patient Questions (AIES-CPQ; range 5–25) and the Global Quality Scale (GQS; range 1–5). Readability was analyzed using five established indices. Inter-model differences were assessed using the Friedman test with Bonferroni-adjusted Wilcoxon signed-rank post-hoc comparisons, and inter-rater reliability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients. Significant differences were observed among models for both AIES-CPQ and GQS scores (p < 0.001). Gemini 3 Pro and DeepSeek V3.2 achieved higher overall content quality and educational scores compared with GPT-5.1, although their relative strengths varied across evaluation domains. DeepSeek V3.2 demonstrated higher inter-rater reliability, while Gemini 3 Pro generated more detailed but linguistically complex responses. Readability analysis revealed substantial variability across models, indicating a trade-off between informational depth and accessibility. LLM-generated responses to parent-oriented questions about rickets vary substantially in quality, clinical appropriateness, and readability. While newer-generation models provide higher-quality information, none demonstrate uniformly reliable performance across all domains. Structured, disease-specific evaluation frameworks combined with multidisciplinary expert oversight are essential before AI-generated content can be safely integrated into parent-facing pediatric education. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-026-06851-1.

Objective: Infantile colic (IC) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder of early infancy defined by prolonged crying and irritability in otherwise healthy infants. This review synthesizes cur rent evidence on diagnosis and management, emphasizing feeding strategies, maternal diet, and the clinical relevance of lactose malabsorption with data from Türkiye and worldwide. The authors highlight strain‑specific probiotics: for breastfed infants, Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 is associated with fewer crying minutes, whereas for bottle‑fed infants, the combination of Bifidobacterium breve BR03 and B. breve B632 shows preventive and symptomatic signals in randomized trials. Lactase enzyme can reduce symptoms when lactose malabsorption is suspected. Simethicone has not shown consistent benefit and is not recommended routinely. In light of the evolving evidence and inconsistent therapeutic outcomes, this review aims to sum marize current understanding and evidence‑based management strategies for IC. Materials and Methods: This narrative review was conducted through a comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases for studies published between 2000 and 2025 using the keywords “infantile colic,” “functional gastrointestinal disorders,” “lactase,” “pro biotics,” and “maternal diet.” Relevant randomized controlled trials, meta‑analyses, and clinical guidelines were selected and synthesized to summarize current evidence. Results: Evidence suggests that targeted nutritional approaches, phenotype‑guided probiotic use, and maternal dietary adjustments provide measurable reductions in crying duration and caregiver stress. Pharmacologic agents such as simethicone show no consistent efficacy, while lactase enzyme and specific probiotic strains demonstrate moderate benefit. Taken together, the reviewed evidence supports a stepwise, phenotype‑guided approach that integrates feeding optimization, limited dietary trials, and targeted probiotic use under clinical supervision. Conclusion: Infantile colic remains a self‑limited but distressing condition; evidence‑based, family‑centered counseling and phenotype‑specific interventions should guide management. We outline red‑flag features, a stepwise algorithm, and practical, family‑centered guidance to support phenotype‑guided care.

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into healthcare, including pediatrics, offering new opportunities for diagnosis, management, and decision support. However, the effective implementation of AI depends largely on healthcare professionals’ knowledge, attitudes, and readiness to adopt these technologies. This study aimed to evaluate pediatricians’ general attitudes toward artificial intelligence and their level of readiness for medical AI in Istanbul, Türkiye at tertiary hospital. Distinct from previous research focusing primarily on medical students, this study investigates the AI readiness of practicing pediatricians within a major tertiary hospital in Istanbul, addressing a critical gap in professional clinical workforce assessment. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between August 1 and November 1, 2025, at Prof. Dr. Cemil Taşcıoğlu City Hospital. A total of 130 pediatricians participated. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the GAAIS (General Attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence Scale), and the MAIRS-MS (Medical Artificial Intelligence Readiness Scale for Medical Students). The validity and reliability of scales in Turkish have been previously investigated in various studies. The internal consistency of the scales was excellent, with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.972 in our study. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 27. Correlation, t-test, ANOVA, and non-parametric tests were applied where appropriate. Results: The mean age of participants was 37.47 ± 9.31 years, and 58.5% were female. The mean AI positive attitude score was 3.81 ± 0.74, and the negative attitude score was 2.83 ± 0.81. The total MAIRS-MS score was 74.97 ± 13.01, indicating a moderate-to-high level of AI readiness. Age was negatively correlated with AI positive attitude and total MAIRS score ( p < 0.05). Participants with ≥ 21 years of professional experience had significantly lower AI readiness and positive attitude scores than younger participants ( p < 0.05). A strong positive correlation was found between AI positive attitude and total MAIRS-MS score ( r = 0.764, p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis revealed that “Ability” (β = 0.516, p < 0.001) and “Cognition” (β = 0.323, p < 0.001) factors were the strongest predictors of a positive attitude toward AI (R ² = 0.658). A strong positive correlation was found between AI positive attitude and total MAIRS-MS score ( r = 0.764, p < 0.01). These results suggest that clinical AI implementation must be accompanied by tailored institutional support and age-specific training to bridge the generational digital divide in pediatric care. Conclusion: Pediatricians generally demonstrated positive attitudes and moderate-to-high readiness for artificial intelligence in our study. However, advanced age and longer professional experience were associated with lower readiness levels. These findings highlight the need for a structured AI education and training program, especially targeting senior physicians, to ensure effective and ethical integration of AI into pediatric practice.

Objectives: To investigate drug adherence and lifestyle behaviors affecting the blood pressure (BP) control among hypertensive patients that have uncontrolled and controlled BP. Methods: Seventy-eight uncontrolled BP and 98 controlled BP hypertensive patients matched on age, gender, time since hypertension diagnosis and the number of antihypertensive drugs used were investigated using a standardized questionnaire to evaluate lifestyle behaviors, drug adherence, the use of complementary and alternative medicine, and health related quality of life. Drug-drug interactions were evaluated with an electronic drug reference software. Results: Not taking therapy when feeling better was observed significantly more frequently in the uncontrolled hypertensive group (OR: 0.297, %95 CI: 0.115-0.770). Uncontrolled BP hypertensive patients live more frequently in extended family settings (p = 0.043), they sleep less controlled BP hypertensive patients (OR: 0.749, %95 CI: 0.605-0.929). The groups did not differ statistically in terms of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) use (p = 0.795) and informing doctors about the use of CAMs (p = 0.910). The EuroQol five-dimensional 3 level (EQ5D3L) questionnaire Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score was significantly higher in the control group (p = 0.011). In both groups over 70% of patients should be monitored for therapy due to drug interactions evaluation. Conclusions: Our study shows that increasing the drug adherence and sleeping hours and living in the nuclear family is associated with improvement in blood pressure control and health related quality of life. A comprehensive approach and good patient-physician communication and trust are essential for well-managed hypertension.

Objective:We aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotic drops containing the microbial strains Bifidobacterium breve BR03 and Bifidobacterium breve B632 on symptoms and quality-of-life indicators in infants aged 0–12 months under real-life conditions, particularly in subgroups such as colic, cesarean delivery, prematurity, hospitalization, and antibiotic exposure.Materials and Methods:This four-center, multicenter study was conducted in the pediatric clinics of Prof. Dr. Cemil Taşcıoğlu City Hospital, Yalova Training and Research Hospital, Esenyurt State Hospital, and Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. İlhan Varank Training and Research Hospital. Symptoms of a total of 150 infants aged 0–12 months were compared before and after probiotic use using a parental questionnaire. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for continuous/ordinal variables, and the McNemar test was used for binary variables (statistical significance set at p<0.05).Results:The median age of the infants was 4.5 months (25th–75th percentile: 2–8), and 56% of the cases were male. The reasons for initiating probiotic use were irritability (42.7%), colic (26.7%), gas (22.7%), and recommendation (8.0%). The median duration of use was 90 days, and the median daily dose was 5 drops. After probiotic use, a marked improvement was observed in crying-related parameters: median crying duration decreased from 1 hour/day (25th–75th percentile: 1–3) to 0 hours/day (25th–75th percentile: 0–1), median crying frequency decreased from 2 (25th–75th percentile: 2–3) to 1 (25th–75th percentile: 1–1), and the median number of daily crying episodes decreased from 10 (25th–75th percentile: 8–10) to 2 (25th–75th percentile: 2–4). In parallel, significant reductions were observed in the severity scores of gasses, abdominal distension, and irritability, along with increases in maternal and paternal sleep duration and a decrease in maternal depressive mood score (all comparisons p<0.001). In binary symptom assessment, the presence of gas decreased from 63.3% to 7.3%, irritability from 47.3% to 11.3%, and abdominal distension from 63.3% to 22.7%, while the proportion of infants reported to have nighttime sleep increased from 32.0% to 68.0% (all p<0.001).Conclusion:The use of probiotic drops containing the microbial strains Bifidobacterium breve BR03 and Bifidobacterium breve B632 was found to be associated with clinically meaningful improvement in gastrointestinal complaints and parent-related sleep and mood parameters, as well as good tolerability, in infants aged 0–12 months.

Introduction: Characteristics of acute childhood poisonings may change over time in the same populations. The aim of this study is to compare the demographic characteristics of poisoning children presenting to the same center at different times.Methods: This study was conducted among children aged 0-16 years who presented with the complaint of poisoning to our center in 2010 and 2016.The demographic characteristics of the poisoning cases were evaluated from the emergency records and the findings of both years were compared with each other. Results: The mean age of 404 cases in Group 2010 and 398 cases in Group 2016 were 6.5 ± 5.1 years and 4.7 ± 4.6 years, respectively (p = 0.001). Drug poisonings were in the first place in both groups, the group was 61.6% in 2010 and 49.7% in 2016 (p = 0.001). Gas poisoning was observed at a rate of 19.2% in the Group 2010 and 10.1% in the Group 2016 (p = 0.0001). When Group 2010 and Group 2016 were compared, poisoning with corrosive substances was observed with a frequency of 13.8% in Group 2010 and 29.4% in Group 2016. The rate of accidental poisoning cases was 77.3 % in Group 2010 and 81.9 % in Group 2016 (p = 0.001). Conclusions: There was a decrease in drug and gas intoxications, but an increase in intoxications with caustic substances. It is thought that the increase in accidental poisoning can be prevented by increasing the awareness and education of the society on this issue.