Orbital wall fractures are a common consequence of trauma-related craniofacial injuries. Multistage treatment and poor functional and aesthetic results render the reconstruction of an orbit extremely challenging. Advances in surgical technologies, imaging software, and biomaterials have continuously improved outcomes. The choice of materials plays a critical role in patient outcomes. Over time, the type of material involved advanced from autografts (autologous tissues such as bone grafts and muscle flaps) to allografts (metals, ceramics, plastic materials, or combinations of these materials). In this study, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest scientific insights, including the advantages and disadvantages of each material used in terms of stability, cost, safety, biocompatibility, durability, and intraoperative readiness. Bioengineered solutions seem to be the future of orbital wall reconstruction; both material and technological innovations hold promise for further advancements.

Introduction: The success of metal–ceramic restorations depends on the mechanical and adhesive properties of the metal–ceramic interface. With the emergence of additive manufacturing technologies such as selective laser melting (SLM), there is growing interest in comparing these methods with conventional casting. This pilot study aimed to generate hypothesis-forming data on how fabrication method (casting and 3D printing) and alumina sandblasting with two particle sizes (125 μm and 250 μm) influence flexural performance of Co-Cr metal–ceramic systems within the standardized ISO 9693 framework. Materials and Methods: Rectangular Co-Cr alloy specimens were manufactured using two techniques: conventional casting and 3D printing via SLM. Each group was divided based on the sandblasting particle size. After ceramic application in accordance with ISO 9693:2012, samples underwent a three-point bending test using a universal testing machine (Instron 8872) to assess the displacement force required to fracture the ceramic layer. Five specimens were tested per group, and mean values and standard deviations were calculated. Data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test (p < 0.05). Results: Cast samples exhibited significantly higher displacement strength than printed ones. Among all groups, the cast samples sandblasted with 250 μm particles (CCT_250) showed the best performance (mean: 12.48 ± 0.91 N), while the 3D-printed group treated with 125 μm particles (CCP_125) showed the lowest strength (mean: 7.24 ± 0.65 N). Larger abrasive particles (250 μm) improved bond strength in both fabrication techniques. Two-way ANOVA revealed significant main effects of manufacturing method (F(1,16) = 13.63, p = 0.002, η² = 0.46) and particle size (F(1,16) = 6.17, p = 0.024, η² = 0.28), with no interaction between factors. Conclusions: Both the manufacturing method and the sandblasting protocol significantly influence the flexural performance of Co-Cr ceramic systems. Conventional casting combined with 250 μm particle sandblasting ensures the highest ceramic adhesion, while SLM-printed substrates may require additional surface treatments to improve bonding efficiency. Complementary surface treatments such as bonding agents or chemical oxidation may enhance the metal–ceramic bond in SLM-fabricated frameworks.

Extensive epidemiological evidence links psychosis (PZ)—particularly schizophrenia (SCZ)—with disproportionate periodontal destruction, suggesting shared biological vulnerability. Beyond local tissue damage, periodontitis provides a clinically accessible translational paradigm for systemic redox dysregulation, where sustained inflammatory activation coincides with measurable oxidative injury and exhaustion of antioxidant (AO) defenses across cardiometabolic and neuropsychiatric domains. In this critical narrative review, we argue that the excess periodontal burden in PZ reflects a “pathological confluence” shaped by antipsychotic-associated iatrogenic factors, rapid metabolic deterioration, and chronic oxidative distress. We appraise the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP)–NOD-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) axis as a metabolic–redox sensor linking dysglycemia to periodontal inflammasome activation and downstream cytokine signaling, and address the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)–receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) axis as a key immunometabolic redox pathway. We further discuss mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired mitophagy, and mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) leakage as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that can amplify systemic “silent inflammation”. Integrating evidence on periodontal pathogen–host interactions and redox-sensitive neuroimmune pathways (including NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4)-linked microglial activation), we propose periodontitis as a plausible upstream amplifier that may exacerbate vascular dysfunction and compromise blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Finally, we outline clinically measurable biomarker readouts to operationalize redox-informed integrated care and highlight the need for pragmatic trials targeting clinically meaningful endpoints to improve somatic longevity in PZ-spectrum populations. We acknowledge that current human evidence is largely associative and that the proposed mechanistic links remain hypothesis generating.

Fixed prosthetic restorations, particularly those made entirely of zirconia, are widely used in clinical dental practice for the restoration of natural

The goal of this study was to test and compare how well three modern composite materials – Charisma Classic (Kulzer), G-ænial Anterior (GC Corporation) and Omnichroma (Tokuyama) – adhere to enamel surfaces that were prepared in the same way for all three of them. Fifteen human teeth were extracted out, cleaned and kept in isotonic saline for the study. Before the adhesive system was applied, the enamel surfaces were etched with 37% phosphoric acid, cleaned and dried. Each composite was poured into standardised cylindrical moulds (3 mm diameter, 3 mm height) and light-cured for 40 seconds. The specimens were placed in epoxy resin and evaluated using an Instron 8872 universal testing equipment to determine shear bond strength. Five tests were conducted on each material and the mean results were identified by leaving out the outliers. G-ænial Anterior had the highest average SBS value (about 341 N), followed by Omnichroma (about 269 N) and Charisma Classic (about 266 N). Notably, two G-ænial samples showed cohesive fractures within the composite, which means that the bonds between the different parts are very strong. Most of the time, the Charisma and Omnichroma samples failed to adhere at the tooth-composite interface. G-ænial Anterior had the best adhesion to enamel among all examined materials. This was shown by both the bond strength and the way the bond failed. The results indicate that using it in high-stress clinical situations may make it work more effectively and last longer. Even though Charisma Classic and Omnichroma demonstrated steady and moderate adherence, improved adhesive procedures might help them achieve the best possible clinical results.