Legal regulation and practical implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in Kazakhstan’s criminal procedure are considered within the context of judicial digital transformation. Risks arise for fundamental procedural principles, including the presumption of innocence, adversarial process, and protection of individual rights and freedoms. Legislative mechanisms ensuring lawful and rights-based application of AI in criminal proceedings are required to maintain procedural balance. Comparative legal analysis, formal legal research, and a systemic approach reveal gaps in existing legislation: absence of clear definitions, insufficient regulation, and lack of accountability for AI use. Legal recognition of AI and the establishment of procedural safeguards are essential. The novelty of the study lies in the development of concrete approaches to the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies into criminal procedure, taking into account Kazakhstan’s practical experience with the digitalization of criminal case management. Unlike existing research, which examines AI in the legal profession primarily from a theoretical perspective, this work proposes detailed mechanisms for integrating models and algorithms into the processing of criminal cases. The implementation of AI in criminal justice enhances the efficiency, transparency, and accuracy of case handling by automating document preparation, data analysis, and monitoring compliance with procedural deadlines. At the same time, several constraints persist, including dependence on the quality of training datasets, the impossibility of fully replacing human legal judgment, and the need to uphold the principles of the presumption of innocence, the right to privacy, and algorithmic transparency. The findings of the study underscore the potential of AI, provided that procedural safeguards are strictly observed and competent authorities exercise appropriate oversight. Two potential approaches are outlined: selective amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code concerning rights protection, privacy, and judicial powers; or adoption of a separate provision on digital technologies and AI. Implementation of these measures would create a balanced legal framework that enables effective use of AI while preserving core procedural guarantees.

The article explores the potential of applying the provisions of the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime to improve the effectiveness of online fraud investigations in Kazakhstan. The main purpose of the work is to analyze the possibilities of the Convention in combating the growing threat of this type of crime, especially given their cross-border nature. The authors apply a comprehensive methodological approach, including an analysis of documents, a comparative study of legislation and an analysis of the practice of its application in other countries. The study revealed inconsistencies between the national legislation of Kazakhstan and the provisions of the Convention. The main issues relate to the definition of cybercrimes, digital evidence collec-tion procedures, and international cooperation. Based on successful cases of the Convention’s application in other countries, recommendations are proposed for improving legislation and law enforcement practice in Kazakhstan. In particular, the authors emphasize the need to adapt national legislation to the standards of the Convention, create specialized units to combat cybercrime, introduce digital platforms for data analysis and enhance international cooperation. This will increase the effectiveness of countering online fraud and strengthen Kazakhstan’s position in the global fight against cybercrime.

This article presents a thorough examination of how the Internet has altered the landscape of fraud, with particular focus on increasingly sophisticated digital schemes. It examines how the internet serves both criminals and cybersecurity efforts alike. Beginning with an exploration of fraud's historical roots from its early manifestations in pre-digital to digital times and continuing into modernity, this article details its development alongside technological progress. Utilizing various research methodologies (historical and statistical analysis), such as tracking its progression across time as well as any countermeasures implemented during that period.Significant findings of this research highlight the rise of internet-enabled fraud forms such as phishing, identity theft and cyber extortion; emphasizing their global and anonymous nature. Furthermore, research indicates the need for multidisciplinary approaches that combine technological, legislative and educational strategies in combatting internet fraud. This highlights machine learning technologies like artificial intelligence in detecting fraud along with greater public awareness campaigns to build cyber literacy literacy levels among society at large.

The article is devoted to the study of methods of collecting digital traces in investigations of online crimes. The purpose of the study is to systematize existing approaches and evaluate their effectiveness.The scientific significance of the work lies in a comprehensive analysis of the legal, technical and ethical aspects of the use of digital traces. The article describes the stages of the data collection process, including the detection, identification, collection and preservation of information, as well as modern cyberforensis technologies. Special attention is paid to the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning methods to improve the accuracy and speed of data processing. The main results of the study demonstrate the importance of digital traces in establishing the facts of crimes. The work makes a significant contribution to the development of digital forensics, improving data analysis methods and law enforcement practice. The article emphasizes the importance of integrating digital traces into the criminal investigation process and their role in building an evidence base. The findings obtained have practical value for professionals in the field of digital forensics and can be used to develop new approaches to the investigation of cybercrimes and improve existing techniques.

В статье рассматриваются вопросы правового регулирования осуществления частной детективной деятельности в Республике Казахстан, совершенствования законодательства о профессиональных тайнах, являющихся важными механизмами для защиты прав граждан, в том числе права на неприкосновенность частной жизни. Проведен правовой анализ гарантий соблюдения конституционных прав граждан при осуществлении частной детективной деятельности в уголовном процессе. В этой связи авторы актуализируют необходимость законодательства, регулирующего частную детективную деятельность в уголовном процессе, а также дальнейшее совершенствование законодательства, определяющего правовой режим неприкосновенности частной жизни. Также актуальны: сущность, значение и роль мер уголовно – процессуального принуждения, применяемых государственными, в частности органами уголовного преследования, сводимых к обеспечению государственной законности и правопорядка; принцип неприкосновенности частной жизни как основного и ведущего начала всего уголовного процесса Республики Казахстан. Для этого в работе изучаются нормы законодательства Республики Казахстан, круг регулируемых ими однородных общественных отношений по вопросам реализации прав и свобод личности в уголовном процессе, правоприменительная практика по рассматриваемым вопросам в Республике Казахстан, на основе ее изучения разрабатываются предложения по совершенствованию законодательства; Теоретико-правовые основы частной детективной деятельности как деятельности, связанной с защитой законных прав и интересов физического лица Республики Казахстан. При изучении поставленных вопросов используется логический, формально – правовой, аналитический, а также функциональный метод, определяющий качественные характеристики предмета исследования, позволяющий определить сущность исследуемого института, возможность регулирующего воздействия Конституционного и отраслевого законодательства на состояние законности и правопорядка в Республике Казахстан. В принятом авторами научном анализе последовательно реализуются и продуктивно объединяются принципы комплексности и системности, что позволило более полно, научно активизировать вопросы совершенствования уголовно-процессуальных возможностей для реализации прав и свобод личности. В результате исследования установлено, что наличие частной детективной деятельности в уголовном процессе и утверждение частного детектива в качестве участника уголовного процесса в уголовно-процессуальном кодексе Республики Казахстан гарантируют защиту прав и законных интересов человека только при соблюдении правил и процедур, предусмотренных законом для получения и изучения информации о частной жизни лица. Ключевые слова: права человека, частная жизнь, принцип неприкосновенности частной жизни, уголовный процесс, детективная деятельность, детектив.

The foundation for this article is research and developments dedicated to the implementation of information and digital technologies in the legislative process to enhance its efficiency, transparency, and strengthen interactions between government authorities and citizens. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the application of advanced digital technologies to optimize legislative activities and expand civic participation in this process. The article explores the prospects for integrating artificial intelligence (AI) technologies into the legislative process, analyzing contemporary approaches to the automation of drafting, analyzing, and adapting regulatory legal acts. The article focuses on the application of natural language processing (NLP), machine learning, and expert systems to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of law-making processes. The authors conduct a comparative analysis of the experience of digitalization of lawmaking in different countries, focusing on the potential risks and legal challenges associated with the use of artificial intelligence technologies in this area. It is noted that AI is already being used in certain elements of legislative activity, but mainly as an auxiliary tool rather than an independent participant in the process. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the automation of lawmaking using AI is highly promising. Its use is particularly in demand at the stages of information analysis, preparation of draft laws and assessment of regulatory impact. At the same time, the need to develop regulatory, ethical, and procedural frameworks for the safe and effective integration of AI into lawmaking is emphasized. The conclusion offers recommendations for integrating intelligent systems into Kazakhstan’s legislative process and outlines possible directions for further research. Keywords: lawmaking, artificial intelligence, research study, prospects, efficiency.