Legal regulation and practical implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in Kazakhstan’s criminal procedure are considered within the context of judicial digital transformation. Risks arise for fundamental procedural principles, including the presumption of innocence, adversarial process, and protection of individual rights and freedoms. Legislative mechanisms ensuring lawful and rights-based application of AI in criminal proceedings are required to maintain procedural balance. Comparative legal analysis, formal legal research, and a systemic approach reveal gaps in existing legislation: absence of clear definitions, insufficient regulation, and lack of accountability for AI use. Legal recognition of AI and the establishment of procedural safeguards are essential. The novelty of the study lies in the development of concrete approaches to the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies into criminal procedure, taking into account Kazakhstan’s practical experience with the digitalization of criminal case management. Unlike existing research, which examines AI in the legal profession primarily from a theoretical perspective, this work proposes detailed mechanisms for integrating models and algorithms into the processing of criminal cases. The implementation of AI in criminal justice enhances the efficiency, transparency, and accuracy of case handling by automating document preparation, data analysis, and monitoring compliance with procedural deadlines. At the same time, several constraints persist, including dependence on the quality of training datasets, the impossibility of fully replacing human legal judgment, and the need to uphold the principles of the presumption of innocence, the right to privacy, and algorithmic transparency. The findings of the study underscore the potential of AI, provided that procedural safeguards are strictly observed and competent authorities exercise appropriate oversight. Two potential approaches are outlined: selective amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code concerning rights protection, privacy, and judicial powers; or adoption of a separate provision on digital technologies and AI. Implementation of these measures would create a balanced legal framework that enables effective use of AI while preserving core procedural guarantees.

В статье рассматриваются проблемы обеспечения прав подозреваемого при производстве досудебного расследования. Актуализируются вопросы сбалансированности интересов личности и государства, наиболее ярко проявляющиеся в уголовном процессе, на примере реализации прав подозреваемого, также необходимость дальнейшего совершенствования законодательства, определяющего правовой режим неприкосновенности личности в уголовном процессе. Проведен правовой анализ гарантий обеспечения прав подозреваемого, содержания и характера детективных услуг, что позволило раскрыть сущность частной детективной деятельности, её направленность на защиту конституционных прав граждан, доступа к правосудию, содействие правоохранительным органам в борьбе с преступностью. Рассмотрены проблемы действующего законодательства в области частной детективной деятельности и предложены пути их решения. Обоснована необходимость принятия закона о частной детективной деятельности. В результате исследования также обоснованы система теоретических положений, подходы адекватного обеспечения в уголовно – процессуальном кодексе Республики Казахстан защиты граждан, попавших в сферу уголовного процесса от посягательств на их законные права и свободы со стороны органов дознания, следствия, прокуратуры и др., важность и роль частной детективной деятельности, выступающей гарантией реализации прав и свобод подозреваемого в уголовном процессе. При исследовании поставленных вопросов используются логический, формально – правовой, аналитический, а также функциональный метод, выявляющий качественные характеристики предмета исследования, позволяющий определить суть исследуемого института, возможность регулятивного воздействия конституционного и отраслевого законодательства на состояние законности и правопорядка в Республике Казахстан. В предпринятом авторами научном анализе, последовательно осуществляется, и продуктивно сочетаются принципы комплексности, и системности, что позволило более полно, научно актуализировать вопросы совершенствования уголовно – процессуальных возможностей для реализации прав и свобод подозреваемого на досудебном расследовании. В результате исследования установлено, что собранные частным детективом сведения по уголовному делу могут быть использованы органами досудебного расследования и судом в доказывании по уголовному делу, заявлении ходатайств, обжаловании действий и решений органов предварительного расследования и суда, что, в свою очередь, это способствовало бы физическим и юридическим лицам реализовать конституционное право на доступ к правосудию. Ключевые слова: уголовный процесс, участник уголовного процесса, подозреваемый, досудебное расследование, частная детективная деятельность, гарантии.

This study aims to identify and systematically present the modern domains of forensic examination where AI capabilities can be effectively utilized. Additionally, the study intends to provide a general assessment of the applicability of AI tools to forensic science in the future, particularly regarding the potential expansion of their role. The findings suggest that AI has the potential to substantially enhance the toolkit of forensic examinations within the techno-biological spectrum, especially in areas requiring the processing of large datasets, sample comparison, and the identification of complex patterns. However, AI is less applicable in fields that require an understanding of human psychology, behavior, or event context. This study interests professionals in forensic science and forensic examination from a practical standpoint. Furthermore, it highlights which branches of forensic science may require human involvement in the future, offering insights into the implications for the labor market and education in this field.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of digitalization on the quality of proof in criminal cases, with a focus on procedural risks that may arise in this process from the perspective of forensic expertology. The article also substantiates a classification of the principles of digitalization of forensic examination as specific (private) theories that may be applied both to the general procedure of expert research and to particular types of forensic examinations. The study examines the legal and criminalistic significance of digital trace analysis within forensic practice, paying special attention to the mechanisms of their formation, their evidentiary value, as well as issues related to the classification of digital traces and information carriers as objects of forensic examination. Special attention is given to the problems of algorithmization and digitalization of forensic methods, including the use of artificial intelligence and neural networks. It is demonstrated that the introduction of digital technologies leads to significant changes in traditional approaches to the development of expert methodologies and, while influencing the quality of proof, may also become a source of certain procedural risks. The scientific significance of the study lies in the theoretical rethinking of the evidentiary status of expert conclusions in the context of the digitalization of forensic examination, as well as in its contribution to the development of specific theories of forensic expertology. The practical significance of the research consists in the possibility of applying the obtained results to improve the legal regulation of forensic expert activity, develop expert methodologies, and reduce procedural risks arising in the conduct of digital forensic examinations. Keywords: forensic examination, digitalization, expert opinion, quality of proof, procedural risks, proofs.

The article examines the legal and practical aspects of the use of artificial intelligence in the criminal procedure of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of the digital transformation of justice. The current criminal procedural legislation is analyzed in terms of its readiness for the integration of digital technologies, with a focus on gaps in the regulatory framework, the absence of necessary legal definitions, and the lack of mechanisms of legal liability in the use of AI. Particular attention is paid to the need for the statutory consolidation of key concepts and procedural limitations related to AI. The article substantiates the inclusion of the definition of AI in Article 7 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, with reference to sector-specific legislation. It proposes two directions for legislative development: selective amendments to existing provisions of the Code and the development of a separate article or chapter regulating digital technologies and AI in criminal procedure. The proposed measures are aimed at ensuring the use of AI in the interests of justice while preserving individual procedural guarantees.

The article examines the features of the study of the foundations and significance of evidence in the framework of legal proceedings. The emphasis is on the analysis of conceptual and practical aspects of the collection, evaluation and use of evidence in court proceedings. The main focus is on the mechanisms of proof and criteria for evaluating evidence, as well as the impact of these factors on the fairness and effectiveness of judicial proceedings. Various types of evidence, including written, oral and material, and their role in ensuring justice are considered. Both traditional and modern approaches to evidence are analyzed, emphasizing the importance of adapting the legal system to changes in information technology and digitalization. The article focuses on the importance of observing procedural guarantees and protecting the rights of participants in the judicial process in the context of evidence. The article highlights in detail the issues of the legal nature and classification of evidence, discussing how different legal systems approach the definition and use of different types of evidence. Special attention is paid to the issues of due process and the establishment of the truth in court proceedings, as well as the role and importance of the presumption of innocence in the context of judicial evidence.