Legal regulation and practical implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in Kazakhstan’s criminal procedure are considered within the context of judicial digital transformation. Risks arise for fundamental procedural principles, including the presumption of innocence, adversarial process, and protection of individual rights and freedoms. Legislative mechanisms ensuring lawful and rights-based application of AI in criminal proceedings are required to maintain procedural balance. Comparative legal analysis, formal legal research, and a systemic approach reveal gaps in existing legislation: absence of clear definitions, insufficient regulation, and lack of accountability for AI use. Legal recognition of AI and the establishment of procedural safeguards are essential. The novelty of the study lies in the development of concrete approaches to the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies into criminal procedure, taking into account Kazakhstan’s practical experience with the digitalization of criminal case management. Unlike existing research, which examines AI in the legal profession primarily from a theoretical perspective, this work proposes detailed mechanisms for integrating models and algorithms into the processing of criminal cases. The implementation of AI in criminal justice enhances the efficiency, transparency, and accuracy of case handling by automating document preparation, data analysis, and monitoring compliance with procedural deadlines. At the same time, several constraints persist, including dependence on the quality of training datasets, the impossibility of fully replacing human legal judgment, and the need to uphold the principles of the presumption of innocence, the right to privacy, and algorithmic transparency. The findings of the study underscore the potential of AI, provided that procedural safeguards are strictly observed and competent authorities exercise appropriate oversight. Two potential approaches are outlined: selective amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code concerning rights protection, privacy, and judicial powers; or adoption of a separate provision on digital technologies and AI. Implementation of these measures would create a balanced legal framework that enables effective use of AI while preserving core procedural guarantees.

This paper reports a systematic study of low-rank adaptation (LoRA)-based fine-tuning applied to Qwen3 language models (4B, 8B, and 14B parameters) for the task of legal question answering within the jurisdiction of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The bilingual dataset comprises 63,114 question–answer pairs (76.2% Russian, 23.8% Kazakh) covering 11 legal domains. Models are evaluated through both automated metrics (BERTScore, citation accuracy, and hallucination rate) and blind expert assessment by a panel of two practising legal experts. Key findings: (1) all fine-tuned models reach BERTScore F1 close to 90% (89.6–90.2%) versus 82.2–83.1% for untuned base models; (2) fine-tuned models outperform GPT-4o (87.2%) and GPT-4o-mini (86.7%) on semantic similarity while exhibiting far lower hallucination rates (27–29% vs. 83–90%); (3) blind expert assessment confirms the advantage of fine-tuned models, with panel mean completeness scores of 4.28/5 versus 1.95/5 for base models (quadratically weighted Cohen’s κ = 0.80–0.95 across rating dimensions, indicating substantial to almost perfect inter-rater agreement); and (4) we identify a practical scaling plateau: paired Wilcoxon tests (n = 500) detect statistically significant but practically small differences across the 4B, 8B, and 14B fine-tuned variants (largest mean gap 0.67 pp on BERTScore F1; Cohen’s |d_z| ≤ 0.34), gains too small to justify the 3.5× parameter increase. These findings show that parameter-efficient adaptation of compact open-source models can match or exceed commercial LLMs for specialised legal QA in a low-resource bilingual context. We note one scope restriction: three domains (administrative, criminal, and housing law) are represented only in Russian, so the model is not validated for Kazakh language queries in these areas.

В статье рассматриваются проблемы обеспечения прав подозреваемого при производстве досудебного расследования. Актуализируются вопросы сбалансированности интересов личности и государства, наиболее ярко проявляющиеся в уголовном процессе, на примере реализации прав подозреваемого, также необходимость дальнейшего совершенствования законодательства, определяющего правовой режим неприкосновенности личности в уголовном процессе. Проведен правовой анализ гарантий обеспечения прав подозреваемого, содержания и характера детективных услуг, что позволило раскрыть сущность частной детективной деятельности, её направленность на защиту конституционных прав граждан, доступа к правосудию, содействие правоохранительным органам в борьбе с преступностью. Рассмотрены проблемы действующего законодательства в области частной детективной деятельности и предложены пути их решения. Обоснована необходимость принятия закона о частной детективной деятельности. В результате исследования также обоснованы система теоретических положений, подходы адекватного обеспечения в уголовно – процессуальном кодексе Республики Казахстан защиты граждан, попавших в сферу уголовного процесса от посягательств на их законные права и свободы со стороны органов дознания, следствия, прокуратуры и др., важность и роль частной детективной деятельности, выступающей гарантией реализации прав и свобод подозреваемого в уголовном процессе. При исследовании поставленных вопросов используются логический, формально – правовой, аналитический, а также функциональный метод, выявляющий качественные характеристики предмета исследования, позволяющий определить суть исследуемого института, возможность регулятивного воздействия конституционного и отраслевого законодательства на состояние законности и правопорядка в Республике Казахстан. В предпринятом авторами научном анализе, последовательно осуществляется, и продуктивно сочетаются принципы комплексности, и системности, что позволило более полно, научно актуализировать вопросы совершенствования уголовно – процессуальных возможностей для реализации прав и свобод подозреваемого на досудебном расследовании. В результате исследования установлено, что собранные частным детективом сведения по уголовному делу могут быть использованы органами досудебного расследования и судом в доказывании по уголовному делу, заявлении ходатайств, обжаловании действий и решений органов предварительного расследования и суда, что, в свою очередь, это способствовало бы физическим и юридическим лицам реализовать конституционное право на доступ к правосудию. Ключевые слова: уголовный процесс, участник уголовного процесса, подозреваемый, досудебное расследование, частная детективная деятельность, гарантии.

The article is devoted to the study of methods of collecting digital traces in investigations of online crimes. The purpose of the study is to systematize existing approaches and evaluate their effectiveness.The scientific significance of the work lies in a comprehensive analysis of the legal, technical and ethical aspects of the use of digital traces. The article describes the stages of the data collection process, including the detection, identification, collection and preservation of information, as well as modern cyberforensis technologies. Special attention is paid to the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning methods to improve the accuracy and speed of data processing. The main results of the study demonstrate the importance of digital traces in establishing the facts of crimes. The work makes a significant contribution to the development of digital forensics, improving data analysis methods and law enforcement practice. The article emphasizes the importance of integrating digital traces into the criminal investigation process and their role in building an evidence base. The findings obtained have practical value for professionals in the field of digital forensics and can be used to develop new approaches to the investigation of cybercrimes and improve existing techniques.

Ensuring legislative consistency is increasingly difficult as legal systems expand and change more frequently, and the problem is sharper where two language versions are equally binding. This systematic review examines artificial intelligence applied to legal and legislative texts, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Searches of Scopus and the Web of Science Core Collection for English-language peer-reviewed journal articles (January 2019–May 2026) returned 497 records, of which 231 studies met the inclusion criteria; 102 supplied the core analytical evidence and 129 characterized the wider research landscape. Publication output rose sharply after 2024 without a matching improvement in reporting and methodological completeness. Within the reviewed corpus, legal summarization and judgment prediction are the most established directions, whereas natural language inference, legal knowledge representation and compliance verification remain underdeveloped. Only four studies released code or datasets, and although thirteen addressed multilingual legal texts, none of them examined bilingual legislative corpora in which both versions carry equal legal force. Work in the reviewed corpus therefore advances individual legal natural language processing (NLP) tasks but offers no integrated framework for detecting contradictions in bilingual legislation. We propose a conceptual four-layer architecture combining legislative text normalization, knowledge-graph representation, hybrid semantic reasoning and explainable human oversight, and identify research priorities for reliable and transparent AI-assisted legislative analysis.

The article is devoted to the characterization of private detective activity as an element of the mechanism for the realization of individual rights and freedoms in criminal proceedings. The article deals with the issues of balancing the interests of the individual and the state, which are most clearly manifested in the criminal process, on the example of the implementation of the rights and freedoms of the individual, the issues of the implementation of private detective activities in the Republic of Kazakhstan and foreign countries. In this regard, the authors update the essence, importance and role of private detective work, which serves as a guarantee of the realization of individual rights and freedoms in criminal proceedings. For this purpose, the paper examines the theoretical and historical and legal foundations of private detective work as an activity related to the protection of the legal rights and interests of the individual of the Republic of Kazakhstan; the norms of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the range of homogeneous public relations regulated by them on the implementation of the rights and freedoms of the individual in criminal proceedings; the practice of applying the above-mentioned legislation, based on the study of which proposals for improving the legislation are developed, as well as studies of the practice of law enforcement on the issues under consideration in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study of the questions raised uses a logical, formal – legal, analytical, and functional method that identifies the qualitative characteristics of the subject of the study, which allows us to determine the essence of the institution under study, the possibility of a regulatory impact of constitutional and sectoral legislation on the state of law and order in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the scientific analysis undertaken by the authors, the principles of complexity and consistency are consistently implemented and productively combined, which made it possible to more fully, scientifically update the issues of improving criminal procedural opportunities for the realization of individual rights and freedoms. As a result of the study, it was determined that the participation of a private detective in a preliminary investigation will serve as a guarantee of respect for and protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the individual, increase the objectivity of the preliminary investigation, allow a more comprehensive assessment of the alleged episodes, and sometimes generally come to a conclusion about the innocence of the suspect. Thus, the legal status of a person must be guaranteed by the current legislation, which provides a strong mechanism for protecting his rights, freedoms and legitimate interests. Key words: human rights, criminal procedure, detective work, detective.