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Teresa Gracchi
Earth Sciences Department, University of Florence, Via La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy

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Journal article
Published: 23 February 2021 in Remote Sensing
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Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry has recently become a widespread technique to investigate and monitor the evolution of different types of natural processes. Fluvial geomorphology is one of such fields of application where UAV potentially assumes a key role, since it allows for overcoming the intrinsic limits of satellite and airborne-based optical imagery on one side, and in situ traditional investigations on the other. The main purpose of this paper was to obtain extensive products (digital terrain models (DTMs), orthophotos, and 3D models) in a short time, with low costs and at a high resolution, in order to verify the capability of this technique to analyze the active geomorphic processes on a 12 km long stretch of the French–Italian Roia River at both large and small scales. Two surveys, one year apart from each other, were carried out over the study area and a change detection analysis was performed on the basis of the comparison of the obtained DTMs to point out and characterize both the possible morphologic variations related to fluvial dynamics and modifications in vegetation coverage. The results highlight how the understanding of different fluvial processes may be improved by appropriately exploiting UAV-based products, which can thus represent a low-cost and non-invasive tool to crucially support decisionmakers involved in land management practices.

ACS Style

Teresa Gracchi; Guglielmo Rossi; Carlo Tacconi Stefanelli; Luca Tanteri; Rolando Pozzani; Sandro Moretti. Tracking the Evolution of Riverbed Morphology on the Basis of UAV Photogrammetry. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 829 .

AMA Style

Teresa Gracchi, Guglielmo Rossi, Carlo Tacconi Stefanelli, Luca Tanteri, Rolando Pozzani, Sandro Moretti. Tracking the Evolution of Riverbed Morphology on the Basis of UAV Photogrammetry. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (4):829.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teresa Gracchi; Guglielmo Rossi; Carlo Tacconi Stefanelli; Luca Tanteri; Rolando Pozzani; Sandro Moretti. 2021. "Tracking the Evolution of Riverbed Morphology on the Basis of UAV Photogrammetry." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4: 829.

Article
Published: 18 June 2020 in Journal of Mountain Science
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Boulder/rock mass movements generate ground vibrations that can be recorded by geophone networks. Generally, there are two methods applied to rockfall trajectory reconstruction or rockfall seismic localization. One method uses seismic wave arrival times and is achieved by minimizing the differences in signal arrival times between multiple stations by grid map searching. The other method uses seismic polarization and is achieved by calculating event-source back azimuths from the seismic polarizations of rockfall signals. In this study, we proposed the use of an overdetermined matrix for joint localization based on the polarization method. The overdetermined matrix considers the contributions of all geophones in the network, and at each geophone is assigned a different weight according to the recorded signal qualities and the reliability of the calibrated back azimuths. This method shows a great advantage relative to the case in which only two sensors are employed. Besides, we suggested three marker parameters for proper frequency band selection in back azimuth calculations: energy, rectilinearity, and a special permanent frequency band (SPF). We found that the back azimuths calculated with energy and an SPF are generally close to the real back azimuths measured in the field, while the SPF is limited by seismic attenuation due to a long-distance propagation. The localization results of rockfalls were validated by using field camera videos and in situ calibrations. Three typical cases and 43 artificially released rockfalls are presented in this paper. The proposed method provides an interesting way to locate rockfall events and track rockfall trajectories and avoids the difficulties of obtaining accurate arrival times, as required by the arrival times method.

ACS Style

Liang Feng; Veronica Pazzi; Emanuele Intrieri; Teresa Gracchi; Giovanni Gigli; Grazia Tucci. Rockfall localization from seismic polarization considering multiple triaxial geophones and frequency bands. Journal of Mountain Science 2020, 17, 1541 -1552.

AMA Style

Liang Feng, Veronica Pazzi, Emanuele Intrieri, Teresa Gracchi, Giovanni Gigli, Grazia Tucci. Rockfall localization from seismic polarization considering multiple triaxial geophones and frequency bands. Journal of Mountain Science. 2020; 17 (7):1541-1552.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liang Feng; Veronica Pazzi; Emanuele Intrieri; Teresa Gracchi; Giovanni Gigli; Grazia Tucci. 2020. "Rockfall localization from seismic polarization considering multiple triaxial geophones and frequency bands." Journal of Mountain Science 17, no. 7: 1541-1552.

Journal article
Published: 16 October 2019 in ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
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In this paper, a MATLAB tool for the automatic detection of the best locations to install a wireless sensor network (WSN) is presented. The implemented code works directly on high-resolution 3D point clouds and aims to help in positioning sensors that are part of a network requiring inter-visibility, namely, a clear line of sight (LOS). Indeed, with the development of LiDAR and Structure from Motion technologies, there is an opportunity to directly use 3D point cloud data to perform visibility analyses. By doing so, many disadvantages of traditional modelling and analysis methods can be bypassed. The algorithm points out the optimal deployment of devices following mainly two criteria: inter-visibility (using a modified version of the Hidden Point Removal operator) and inter-distance. Furthermore, an option to prioritize significant areas is provided. The proposed method was first validated on an artificial 3D model, and then on a landslide 3D point cloud acquired from terrestrial laser scanning for the real positioning of an ultrawide-band WSN already installed in 2016. The comparison between collected data and data acquired by the WSN installed following traditional patterns has demonstrated its ability for the optimal deployment of a WSN requiring inter-visibility.

ACS Style

Teresa Gracchi; Giovanni Gigli; François Noël; Michel Jaboyedoff; Claudia Madiai; Nicola Casagli; Noël. Optimizing Wireless Sensor Network Installations by Visibility Analysis on 3D Point Clouds. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 2019, 8, 460 .

AMA Style

Teresa Gracchi, Giovanni Gigli, François Noël, Michel Jaboyedoff, Claudia Madiai, Nicola Casagli, Noël. Optimizing Wireless Sensor Network Installations by Visibility Analysis on 3D Point Clouds. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2019; 8 (10):460.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teresa Gracchi; Giovanni Gigli; François Noël; Michel Jaboyedoff; Claudia Madiai; Nicola Casagli; Noël. 2019. "Optimizing Wireless Sensor Network Installations by Visibility Analysis on 3D Point Clouds." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 10: 460.

Article
Published: 06 May 2019 in Journal of Mountain Science
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In the seismic event classification, determining the seismic features of rockfall is significantly important for the automatic classification of seismic events because of the huge amount of raw data recorded by seismic stations in continuous monitoring. At the same time, the rockfall seismic features are still not completely understood. This study concentrates on the rockfall frequency content, amplitude (ground velocity), seismic waveform and duration analysis, of an artificial rockfall test at Torgiovannetto (a former quarry in Central Italy). A total of 90 blocks were released in the test, and their seismic signals and moving trajectories were recorded by four tri-axial seismic stations and four cameras, respectively. In the analysis processing, all the artificial rockfall signal traces were cut separately and the seismic features were extracted individually and automatically. In this study, the relationships between a) frequency content and impacted materials, b) frequency content and the distance between block releasing position and seismic station (source-receiver distance) were discussed. As a result, we found that the frequency content of rockfall focuses on 10–60 Hz and 80–90 Hz within a source-receiver distance of 200 m, and it is well correlated with impacted material and source-receiver distance. To evaluate the difference between earthquake and rockfall, 23 clear earthquake signals recorded in a seven month-long continuous seismic monitoring, carried out with the four seismic stations, were picked out, according to the Italian national earthquakes database (INGV). On these traces we performed the same analysis as in the artificial rockfall traces, and two parameters were defined to separate rockfall events from earthquake noise. The first one, the amplitude ratio, is related to the amplitude variation of rockfall between two stations and is greater than that of earthquakes, because of the higher attenuation occurring for rockfall events, which consists in high frequencies whereas for earthquakes it consists in low frequencies. The other parameter, the shape of waveform of signal trace, showed a significant difference between rockfall and earthquake and that could be a complementary feature to discriminate between both. This analysis of artificial rockfall is a first step helpful to understand the seismic characteristics of rockfall, and useful for rockfall seismic events classification in seismic monitoring of slope.

ACS Style

Liang Feng; Veronica Pazzi; Emanuele Intrieri; Teresa Gracchi; Giovanni Gigli. Rockfall seismic features analysis based on in situ tests: frequency, amplitude, and duration. Journal of Mountain Science 2019, 16, 955 -970.

AMA Style

Liang Feng, Veronica Pazzi, Emanuele Intrieri, Teresa Gracchi, Giovanni Gigli. Rockfall seismic features analysis based on in situ tests: frequency, amplitude, and duration. Journal of Mountain Science. 2019; 16 (5):955-970.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liang Feng; Veronica Pazzi; Emanuele Intrieri; Teresa Gracchi; Giovanni Gigli. 2019. "Rockfall seismic features analysis based on in situ tests: frequency, amplitude, and duration." Journal of Mountain Science 16, no. 5: 955-970.

Journal article
Published: 05 September 2018 in Sensors
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An innovative wireless sensor network (WSN) based on Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) technology for 3D accurate superficial monitoring of ground deformations, as landslides and subsidence, is proposed. The system has been designed and developed as part of an European Life+ project, called Wi-GIM (Wireless Sensor Network for Ground Instability Monitoring). The details of the architecture, the localization via wireless technology and data processing protocols are described. The flexibility and accuracy achieved by the UWB two-way ranging technique is analysed and compared with the traditional systems, such as robotic total stations (RTSs) and Ground-based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GB-InSAR), highlighting the pros and cons of the UWB solution to detect the surface movements. An extensive field trial campaign allows the validation of the system and the analysis of its sensitivity to different factors (e.g., sensor nodes inter-visibility, effects of the temperature, etc.). The Wi-GIM system represents a promising solution for landslide monitoring and it can be adopted in combination with traditional systems or as an alternative in areas where the available resources are inadequate. The versatility, easy/fast deployment and cost-effectiveness, together with good accuracy, make the Wi-GIM system a possible solution for municipalities that cannot afford expensive/complex systems to monitor potential landslides in their territory.

ACS Style

Lorenzo Mucchi; Sara Jayousi; Alessio Martinelli; Stefano Caputo; Emanuele Intrieri; Giovanni Gigli; Teresa Gracchi; Francesco Mugnai; Massimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai; Luca Nannipieri. A Flexible Wireless Sensor Network Based on Ultra-Wide Band Technology for Ground Instability Monitoring. Sensors 2018, 18, 1 .

AMA Style

Lorenzo Mucchi, Sara Jayousi, Alessio Martinelli, Stefano Caputo, Emanuele Intrieri, Giovanni Gigli, Teresa Gracchi, Francesco Mugnai, Massimiliano Favalli, Alessandro Fornaciai, Luca Nannipieri. A Flexible Wireless Sensor Network Based on Ultra-Wide Band Technology for Ground Instability Monitoring. Sensors. 2018; 18 (9):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorenzo Mucchi; Sara Jayousi; Alessio Martinelli; Stefano Caputo; Emanuele Intrieri; Giovanni Gigli; Teresa Gracchi; Francesco Mugnai; Massimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai; Luca Nannipieri. 2018. "A Flexible Wireless Sensor Network Based on Ultra-Wide Band Technology for Ground Instability Monitoring." Sensors 18, no. 9: 1.

Preprint
Published: 20 July 2018
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An innovative wireless sensor network (WSN) based on Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) technology for 3D accurate superficial monitoring of ground deformations, as landslides and subsidence, is proposed. The system has been designed and developed as part of an European Life+ project, called Wi-GIM (Wireless Sensor Network for Ground Instability Monitoring). The details of the architecture, the localization via wireless technology and data processing protocols are described. The flexibility and accuracy achieved by the UWB two-way ranging technique is analysed and compared with the traditional systems, such as robotic total stations (RTSs), Ground-based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GB-InSAR), highlighting the pros and cons of the UWB solution to detect the surface movements. An extensive field trial campaign allows the validation of the system and the analysis of its sensitivity to different factors (e.g., sensor nodes inter-visibility, effects of the temperature, etc.). The Wi-GIM system represents a promising solution for landslide monitoring and it can be adopted in conjunction with traditional systems or as an alternative in areas where the available resources are inadequate. The versatility, easy/fast deployment and cost-effectiveness, together with the good accuracy, make the Wi-GIM system a possible solution for municipalities that cannot afford expensive/complex systems to monitor potential landslides in their territory.

ACS Style

Lorenzo Mucchi; Sara Jayousi; Alessio Martinelli; Stefano Caputo; Emanuele Intrieri; Giovanni Gigli; Teresa Gracchi; Francesco Mugnai; Massimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai; Luca Nannipieri. A Flexible Wireless Sensor Network based on Ultra-Wide Band Technology for Ground Instability Monitoring. 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Lorenzo Mucchi, Sara Jayousi, Alessio Martinelli, Stefano Caputo, Emanuele Intrieri, Giovanni Gigli, Teresa Gracchi, Francesco Mugnai, Massimiliano Favalli, Alessandro Fornaciai, Luca Nannipieri. A Flexible Wireless Sensor Network based on Ultra-Wide Band Technology for Ground Instability Monitoring. . 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorenzo Mucchi; Sara Jayousi; Alessio Martinelli; Stefano Caputo; Emanuele Intrieri; Giovanni Gigli; Teresa Gracchi; Francesco Mugnai; Massimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai; Luca Nannipieri. 2018. "A Flexible Wireless Sensor Network based on Ultra-Wide Band Technology for Ground Instability Monitoring." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2018 in Engineering Geology
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ACS Style

Emanuele Intrieri; Giovanni Gigli; Teresa Gracchi; Massimiliano Nocentini; Luca Lombardi; Francesco Mugnai; William Frodella; Giovanni Bertolini; Ennio Carnevale; Massimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai; Jordi Marturià Alavedra; Lorenzo Mucchi; Luca Nannipieri; Xavier Rodriguez-Lloveras; Marco Pizziolo; Rosa Schina; Federico Trippi; Nicola Casagli. Application of an ultra-wide band sensor-free wireless network for ground monitoring. Engineering Geology 2018, 238, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Emanuele Intrieri, Giovanni Gigli, Teresa Gracchi, Massimiliano Nocentini, Luca Lombardi, Francesco Mugnai, William Frodella, Giovanni Bertolini, Ennio Carnevale, Massimiliano Favalli, Alessandro Fornaciai, Jordi Marturià Alavedra, Lorenzo Mucchi, Luca Nannipieri, Xavier Rodriguez-Lloveras, Marco Pizziolo, Rosa Schina, Federico Trippi, Nicola Casagli. Application of an ultra-wide band sensor-free wireless network for ground monitoring. Engineering Geology. 2018; 238 ():1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Intrieri; Giovanni Gigli; Teresa Gracchi; Massimiliano Nocentini; Luca Lombardi; Francesco Mugnai; William Frodella; Giovanni Bertolini; Ennio Carnevale; Massimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai; Jordi Marturià Alavedra; Lorenzo Mucchi; Luca Nannipieri; Xavier Rodriguez-Lloveras; Marco Pizziolo; Rosa Schina; Federico Trippi; Nicola Casagli. 2018. "Application of an ultra-wide band sensor-free wireless network for ground monitoring." Engineering Geology 238, no. : 1-14.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2018 in Near Surface Geophysics
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Between 2008 and 2014, nine sinkholes occurred in northeastern Elba Island (Tuscany, Italy), an area with mostly flat terrain (called “Il Piano”) separating the municipalities of Rio nell’Elba and Rio Marina. The last sinkhole damaged the only road (SP26) between the harbour of Rio Marina and the northwestern part of the island. A bypass was immediately built, but the SP26 remains closed. Considering that sinkholes could be densely clustered in sinkhole prone areas, their detection and forecasting are key aspects of local administrative policies. In this paper, we present the results of an integrated geophysical survey aimed at (i) characterizing the geology of the area surrounding the SP26, and (ii) assessing the subsoil void hazard around the road system to support the decision to replace or restore the SP26. Therefore, for the purposes of this research, 120 singlestation seismic noise measurements were taken following the horizontal‐to‐vertical spectral ratio (H/V) or Nakamura technique, while eight 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and 17 3D‐ERT/induced polarisation measurements were also carried out in the study area. The H/V method allowed the estimation of the mean thickness of the alluvium, whereas the 2D/3D‐ERTs and IPTs permitted the characterisation of the electrical behaviours of the materials and the localisation of the lenticular sand and gravel bodies within a sandy silt layer. The large amount of collected data made the zonation of the subsoil void hazards possible.

ACS Style

Veronica Pazzi; Mattia Ceccatelli; Teresa Gracchi; Elena Benedetta Masi; Riccardo Fanti. Assessing subsoil void hazards along a road system using H/V measurements, ERTs and IPTs to support local decision makers. Near Surface Geophysics 2018, 16, 282 -297.

AMA Style

Veronica Pazzi, Mattia Ceccatelli, Teresa Gracchi, Elena Benedetta Masi, Riccardo Fanti. Assessing subsoil void hazards along a road system using H/V measurements, ERTs and IPTs to support local decision makers. Near Surface Geophysics. 2018; 16 (3):282-297.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Veronica Pazzi; Mattia Ceccatelli; Teresa Gracchi; Elena Benedetta Masi; Riccardo Fanti. 2018. "Assessing subsoil void hazards along a road system using H/V measurements, ERTs and IPTs to support local decision makers." Near Surface Geophysics 16, no. 3: 282-297.

Journal article
Published: 20 December 2017 in Geoenvironmental Disasters
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Rockfall events are one of the most dangerous phenomena that often cause several damages both to people and facilities. During recent years, the scientific community focused the attention at evaluating the effectiveness of seismological methods in monitoring these phenomena. In this work, we present a quick and practical method to locate the rebounds of some man-induced boulders falls from a landslides crown located in the Northern Apennines (Central Italy). The reconstruction of the trajectories was obtained by means of back analysis performed through a Matlab code that takes into account both the DEM (Digital Elevation Model) of the ground, the geotechnical-geophysical characteristics of the slope and the arrival times of the seismic signals generated by the rock impacts on the ground. The localization results have been compared with GPS coordinates of the points and videos footage acquired during the simulations, in order to assess the reliability of the method. In most cases, the retrieved impact points match with the real trajectories, showing a high reliability. Furthermore, four different cases have been identified as a function of the geomechanical, geophysical and morphological conditions. Due to the latter ones, in some case it was necessary to assume different values for the propagation velocity of the elastic waves in the ground, here assumed to be isotropic and homogeneous. This work aims at evaluating the effectiveness of a quick and practical method to locate rockfall events using a small-aperture seismic network. The obtained results indicate that the technique can provide quantitative information about the area most prone to impact of detached blocks. The method still presents some uncertainty, but reducing some of the approximations (e.g. by better constraining the velocity model), it could lead to prompt and more accurate results, easily applicable to hazard estimates.

ACS Style

Teresa Gracchi; Alessia Lotti; Gilberto Saccorotti; Luca Lombardi; Massimiliano Nocentini; Francesco Mugnai; Giovanni Gigli; Marco Barla; Andrea Giorgetti; Francesco Antolini; Andrea Fiaschi; Luca Matassoni; Nicola Casagli. A method for locating rockfall impacts using signals recorded by a microseismic network. Geoenvironmental Disasters 2017, 4, 26 .

AMA Style

Teresa Gracchi, Alessia Lotti, Gilberto Saccorotti, Luca Lombardi, Massimiliano Nocentini, Francesco Mugnai, Giovanni Gigli, Marco Barla, Andrea Giorgetti, Francesco Antolini, Andrea Fiaschi, Luca Matassoni, Nicola Casagli. A method for locating rockfall impacts using signals recorded by a microseismic network. Geoenvironmental Disasters. 2017; 4 (1):26.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teresa Gracchi; Alessia Lotti; Gilberto Saccorotti; Luca Lombardi; Massimiliano Nocentini; Francesco Mugnai; Giovanni Gigli; Marco Barla; Andrea Giorgetti; Francesco Antolini; Andrea Fiaschi; Luca Matassoni; Nicola Casagli. 2017. "A method for locating rockfall impacts using signals recorded by a microseismic network." Geoenvironmental Disasters 4, no. 1: 26.