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In December 2002, two landslides along the Sciada del Fuoco at Stromboli triggered large tsunami waves that caused significant damage on the coast of the island up to an elevation of about 10 m above sea level. In this work, we report in detail the items and the methods used to reconstruct the 2002 tsunami at Stromboli highlighting their strengths and limits. In particular, we describe: i) the Non-Hydrostatic WAVE (NHWAVE) model used to simulate the triggering landslide, the wave propagation and the inundation/runup on the land; ii) the data and methods used to generate the topo-bathymetric computational grid; iii) the field data acquired on Stromboli after the 2002 tsunami used as ground truth for checking the simulation outputs. Our results show that the most severe damages on the coast of Stromboli could have been caused by the interaction of successive waves triggered by the same landslide. In addition, we also describe the influence that the bathymetry had on the waves propagation and interaction.
Alessandro Fornaciai; Massimiliano Favalli; Luca Nannipieri. Reconstruction of the 2002 tsunami at Stromboli using the Non-Hydrostatic WAVE model (NHWAVE). Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2021, SP519 -2020.
AMA StyleAlessandro Fornaciai, Massimiliano Favalli, Luca Nannipieri. Reconstruction of the 2002 tsunami at Stromboli using the Non-Hydrostatic WAVE model (NHWAVE). Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 2021; ():SP519-2020.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandro Fornaciai; Massimiliano Favalli; Luca Nannipieri. 2021. "Reconstruction of the 2002 tsunami at Stromboli using the Non-Hydrostatic WAVE model (NHWAVE)." Geological Society, London, Special Publications , no. : SP519-2020.
The geomorphological evolution of the volcanic Island of Stromboli (Italy) between July 2010 and June 2019 has been reconstructed by using multi-temporal, multi-platform remote sensing data. Digital elevation models (DEMs) from PLÉIADES-1 tri-stereo images and from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) acquisitions allowed for topographic changes estimation. Data were comprised of high-spatial-resolution (QUICKBIRD) and moderate spatial resolution (SENTINEL-2) satellite images that allowed for the mapping of areas that were affected by major lithological and morphological changes. PLÉIADES tri-stereo and LiDAR DEMs have been quantitatively and qualitatively compared and, although there are artefacts in the smaller structures (e.g., ridges and valleys), there is still a clear consistency between the two DEMs for the larger structures (as the main valleys and ridges). The period between July 2010 and May 2012 showed only minor changes consisting of volcanoclastic sedimentation and some overflows outside the crater. Otherwise, between May 2012 and May 2017, large topographic changes occurred that were related to the emplacement of the 2014 lava flow in the NE part of the Sciara del Fuoco and to the accumulation of a volcaniclastic wedge in the central part of the Sciara del Fuoco. Between 2017 and 2019, minor changes were again detected due to small accumulation next to the crater terrace and the erosion in lower Sciara del Fuoco.
Federico Di Traglia; Alessandro Fornaciai; Massimiliano Favalli; Teresa Nolesini; Nicola Casagli. Catching Geomorphological Response to Volcanic Activity on Steep Slope Volcanoes Using Multi-Platform Remote Sensing. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 438 .
AMA StyleFederico Di Traglia, Alessandro Fornaciai, Massimiliano Favalli, Teresa Nolesini, Nicola Casagli. Catching Geomorphological Response to Volcanic Activity on Steep Slope Volcanoes Using Multi-Platform Remote Sensing. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (3):438.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFederico Di Traglia; Alessandro Fornaciai; Massimiliano Favalli; Teresa Nolesini; Nicola Casagli. 2020. "Catching Geomorphological Response to Volcanic Activity on Steep Slope Volcanoes Using Multi-Platform Remote Sensing." Remote Sensing 12, no. 3: 438.
The Versilia plain, a well-known and populated tourist area in northwestern Tuscany, is historically subject to floods. The last hydrogeological disaster of 1996 resulted in 13 deaths and in loss worth hundreds of millions of euros. A valid management of the hydraulic and flooding risks of this territory is therefore mandatory. A 7.5 km-long stretch of the Versilia River was simulated in one-dimension using river cross-sections with the FLO-2D Basic model. Simulations of the channel flow and of its maximum flow rate under different input conditions highlight the key role of topography: uncertainties in the topography introduce much larger errors than the uncertainties in roughness. The best digital elevation model (DEM) available for the area, a 1-m light detection and ranging (LiDAR) DEM dating back to 2008–2010, does not reveal all the hydraulic structures (e.g., the 40 cm thick embankment walls), lowering the maximum flow rate to only 150 m3/s, much lower than the expected value of 400 m3/s. In order to improve the already existing input topography, three different possibilities were considered: (1) to add the embankment walls to the LiDAR data with a targeted Differential GPS (DGPS) survey, (2) to acquire the cross section profiles necessary for simulation with a targeted DGPS survey, and (3) to achieve a very high resolution topography using structure from motion techniques (SfM) from images acquired using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The simulations based on all these options deliver maximum flow rates in agreement with estimated values. Resampling of the 10 cm cell size SfM-DSM allowed us to investigate the influence of topographic resolution on hydraulic channel flow, demonstrating that a change in the resolution from 30 to 50 cm alone introduced a 10% loss in the maximum flow rate. UAV-SfM-derived DEMs are low cost, relatively fast, very accurate, and they allow for the monitoring of the channel morphology variations in real time and to keep the hydraulic models updated, thus providing an excellent tool for managing hydraulic and flooding risks.
Marco Luppichini; Massimiliano Favalli; Ilaria Isola; Luca Nannipieri; Roberto Giannecchini; Monica Bini. Influence of Topographic Resolution and Accuracy on Hydraulic Channel Flow Simulations: Case Study of the Versilia River (Italy). Remote Sensing 2019, 11, 1630 .
AMA StyleMarco Luppichini, Massimiliano Favalli, Ilaria Isola, Luca Nannipieri, Roberto Giannecchini, Monica Bini. Influence of Topographic Resolution and Accuracy on Hydraulic Channel Flow Simulations: Case Study of the Versilia River (Italy). Remote Sensing. 2019; 11 (13):1630.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco Luppichini; Massimiliano Favalli; Ilaria Isola; Luca Nannipieri; Roberto Giannecchini; Monica Bini. 2019. "Influence of Topographic Resolution and Accuracy on Hydraulic Channel Flow Simulations: Case Study of the Versilia River (Italy)." Remote Sensing 11, no. 13: 1630.
In situ and remote-sensing measurements have been used to characterize the run-up phase and the phenomena that occurred during the August–November 2014 flank eruption at Stromboli. Data comprise videos recorded by the visible and infrared camera network, ground displacement recorded by the permanent-sited Ku-band, Ground-Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GBInSAR) device, seismic signals (band 0.02–10 Hz), and high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) reconstructed based on Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data and tri-stereo PLEIADES-1 imagery. This work highlights the importance of considering data from in situ sensors and remote-sensing platforms in monitoring active volcanoes. Comparison of data from live-cams, tremor amplitude, localization of Very-Long-Period (VLP) source and amplitude of explosion quakes, and ground displacements recorded by GBInSAR in the crater terrace provide information about the eruptive activity, nowcasting the shift in eruptive style of explosive to effusive. At the same time, the landslide activity during the run-up and onset phases could be forecasted and tracked using the integration of data from the GBInSAR and the seismic landslide index. Finally, the use of airborne and space-borne DEMs permitted the detection of topographic changes induced by the eruptive activity, allowing for the estimation of a total volume of 3.07 ± 0.37 × 106 m3 of the 2014 lava flow field emplaced on the steep Sciara del Fuoco slope.
Federico Di Traglia; Sonia Calvari; Luca D'Auria; Teresa Nolesini; Alessandro Bonaccorso; Alessandro Fornaciai; Antonietta Esposito; Antonio Cristaldi; Massimiliano Favalli; Nicola Casagli. The 2014 Effusive Eruption at Stromboli: New Insights from In Situ and Remote-Sensing Measurements. Remote Sensing 2018, 10, 2035 .
AMA StyleFederico Di Traglia, Sonia Calvari, Luca D'Auria, Teresa Nolesini, Alessandro Bonaccorso, Alessandro Fornaciai, Antonietta Esposito, Antonio Cristaldi, Massimiliano Favalli, Nicola Casagli. The 2014 Effusive Eruption at Stromboli: New Insights from In Situ and Remote-Sensing Measurements. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10 (12):2035.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFederico Di Traglia; Sonia Calvari; Luca D'Auria; Teresa Nolesini; Alessandro Bonaccorso; Alessandro Fornaciai; Antonietta Esposito; Antonio Cristaldi; Massimiliano Favalli; Nicola Casagli. 2018. "The 2014 Effusive Eruption at Stromboli: New Insights from In Situ and Remote-Sensing Measurements." Remote Sensing 10, no. 12: 2035.
An innovative wireless sensor network (WSN) based on Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) technology for 3D accurate superficial monitoring of ground deformations, as landslides and subsidence, is proposed. The system has been designed and developed as part of an European Life+ project, called Wi-GIM (Wireless Sensor Network for Ground Instability Monitoring). The details of the architecture, the localization via wireless technology and data processing protocols are described. The flexibility and accuracy achieved by the UWB two-way ranging technique is analysed and compared with the traditional systems, such as robotic total stations (RTSs) and Ground-based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GB-InSAR), highlighting the pros and cons of the UWB solution to detect the surface movements. An extensive field trial campaign allows the validation of the system and the analysis of its sensitivity to different factors (e.g., sensor nodes inter-visibility, effects of the temperature, etc.). The Wi-GIM system represents a promising solution for landslide monitoring and it can be adopted in combination with traditional systems or as an alternative in areas where the available resources are inadequate. The versatility, easy/fast deployment and cost-effectiveness, together with good accuracy, make the Wi-GIM system a possible solution for municipalities that cannot afford expensive/complex systems to monitor potential landslides in their territory.
Lorenzo Mucchi; Sara Jayousi; Alessio Martinelli; Stefano Caputo; Emanuele Intrieri; Giovanni Gigli; Teresa Gracchi; Francesco Mugnai; Massimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai; Luca Nannipieri. A Flexible Wireless Sensor Network Based on Ultra-Wide Band Technology for Ground Instability Monitoring. Sensors 2018, 18, 1 .
AMA StyleLorenzo Mucchi, Sara Jayousi, Alessio Martinelli, Stefano Caputo, Emanuele Intrieri, Giovanni Gigli, Teresa Gracchi, Francesco Mugnai, Massimiliano Favalli, Alessandro Fornaciai, Luca Nannipieri. A Flexible Wireless Sensor Network Based on Ultra-Wide Band Technology for Ground Instability Monitoring. Sensors. 2018; 18 (9):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLorenzo Mucchi; Sara Jayousi; Alessio Martinelli; Stefano Caputo; Emanuele Intrieri; Giovanni Gigli; Teresa Gracchi; Francesco Mugnai; Massimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai; Luca Nannipieri. 2018. "A Flexible Wireless Sensor Network Based on Ultra-Wide Band Technology for Ground Instability Monitoring." Sensors 18, no. 9: 1.
An innovative wireless sensor network (WSN) based on Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) technology for 3D accurate superficial monitoring of ground deformations, as landslides and subsidence, is proposed. The system has been designed and developed as part of an European Life+ project, called Wi-GIM (Wireless Sensor Network for Ground Instability Monitoring). The details of the architecture, the localization via wireless technology and data processing protocols are described. The flexibility and accuracy achieved by the UWB two-way ranging technique is analysed and compared with the traditional systems, such as robotic total stations (RTSs), Ground-based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GB-InSAR), highlighting the pros and cons of the UWB solution to detect the surface movements. An extensive field trial campaign allows the validation of the system and the analysis of its sensitivity to different factors (e.g., sensor nodes inter-visibility, effects of the temperature, etc.). The Wi-GIM system represents a promising solution for landslide monitoring and it can be adopted in conjunction with traditional systems or as an alternative in areas where the available resources are inadequate. The versatility, easy/fast deployment and cost-effectiveness, together with the good accuracy, make the Wi-GIM system a possible solution for municipalities that cannot afford expensive/complex systems to monitor potential landslides in their territory.
Lorenzo Mucchi; Sara Jayousi; Alessio Martinelli; Stefano Caputo; Emanuele Intrieri; Giovanni Gigli; Teresa Gracchi; Francesco Mugnai; Massimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai; Luca Nannipieri. A Flexible Wireless Sensor Network based on Ultra-Wide Band Technology for Ground Instability Monitoring. 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleLorenzo Mucchi, Sara Jayousi, Alessio Martinelli, Stefano Caputo, Emanuele Intrieri, Giovanni Gigli, Teresa Gracchi, Francesco Mugnai, Massimiliano Favalli, Alessandro Fornaciai, Luca Nannipieri. A Flexible Wireless Sensor Network based on Ultra-Wide Band Technology for Ground Instability Monitoring. . 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLorenzo Mucchi; Sara Jayousi; Alessio Martinelli; Stefano Caputo; Emanuele Intrieri; Giovanni Gigli; Teresa Gracchi; Francesco Mugnai; Massimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai; Luca Nannipieri. 2018. "A Flexible Wireless Sensor Network based on Ultra-Wide Band Technology for Ground Instability Monitoring." , no. : 1.
Emanuele Intrieri; Giovanni Gigli; Teresa Gracchi; Massimiliano Nocentini; Luca Lombardi; Francesco Mugnai; William Frodella; Giovanni Bertolini; Ennio Carnevale; Massimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai; Jordi Marturià Alavedra; Lorenzo Mucchi; Luca Nannipieri; Xavier Rodriguez-Lloveras; Marco Pizziolo; Rosa Schina; Federico Trippi; Nicola Casagli. Application of an ultra-wide band sensor-free wireless network for ground monitoring. Engineering Geology 2018, 238, 1 -14.
AMA StyleEmanuele Intrieri, Giovanni Gigli, Teresa Gracchi, Massimiliano Nocentini, Luca Lombardi, Francesco Mugnai, William Frodella, Giovanni Bertolini, Ennio Carnevale, Massimiliano Favalli, Alessandro Fornaciai, Jordi Marturià Alavedra, Lorenzo Mucchi, Luca Nannipieri, Xavier Rodriguez-Lloveras, Marco Pizziolo, Rosa Schina, Federico Trippi, Nicola Casagli. Application of an ultra-wide band sensor-free wireless network for ground monitoring. Engineering Geology. 2018; 238 ():1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmanuele Intrieri; Giovanni Gigli; Teresa Gracchi; Massimiliano Nocentini; Luca Lombardi; Francesco Mugnai; William Frodella; Giovanni Bertolini; Ennio Carnevale; Massimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai; Jordi Marturià Alavedra; Lorenzo Mucchi; Luca Nannipieri; Xavier Rodriguez-Lloveras; Marco Pizziolo; Rosa Schina; Federico Trippi; Nicola Casagli. 2018. "Application of an ultra-wide band sensor-free wireless network for ground monitoring." Engineering Geology 238, no. : 1-14.
During an eruption, time scales of topographic change are fast and involve vertical and planimetric evolution of millimeters to meters as the event progresses. Repeat production of high spatial resolution terrain models of lava flow fields over time scales of a few hours is thus a high-value capability in tracking the buildup of the deposit. Among the wide range of terrestrial and aerial methods available to collect such topographic data, the use of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) as an acquisition platform, together with structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry, has become especially useful. This approach allows high-frequency production of centimeter-scale terrain models over kilometer-scale areas, including dangerous and inaccessible zones, with low cost and minimal hazard to personnel. This study presents the application of such an integrated UAV-SfM method to generate a high spatial resolution digital terrain model and orthomosaic of Mount Etna’s January–February 1974 lava flow field. The SfM method, applied to images acquired using a UAV platform, enabled the extraction of a very high spatial resolution (20 cm) digital elevation model and the generation of a 3-cm orthomosaic covering an area of 1.35 km2. This spatial resolution enabled us to analyze the morphology of sub-meter-scale features, such as folds, blocks, and cracks, over kilometer-scale areas. The 3-cm orthomosaic allowed us to further push the analysis to centimeter-scale grain size distribution of the lava surface. Using these data, we define three types of crust structure and relate them to positions within a channel-fed ʻaʻā flow system. These crust structures are (i) flow parallel shear lines, (ii) raft zones, and (iii) folded zones. Flow parallel shear lines are found at the channel edges, and are 2-m-wide and 0.25-m-deep zones running along the levee base and in which cracking is intense. They result from intense shearing between the moving channel lava and the static levee lava. In zones where initial levees are just beginning to form, these subtle features are the only marker that delimits the moving lava from the stagnant marginal lava. Rafts generally form as the system changes from a stable to a transitional channel regime. Over this 170-m-long zone, the channel broadens from 8 to 70 m and rafts are characterized by topographically higher and poorly cracked areas, surrounded by lower, heavily cracked areas. We interpret the rafts as forming due to breakup of crust zones, previously moving in a coherent manner in the narrow proximal channel reach. Folded zones involve arcuate, cross-flow ridges with their apexes pointing down-flow, where ridges have relatively small clasts and depressions are of coarser-grained breccia. Our folds have wavelengths of 10 m and amplitudes of 1 m; are found towards the flow front, down-flow of the raft zones; and are associated with piling up of lava behind a static or slowly moving flow front. The very high spatial resolution topographic data available from UAV-SfM allow us to resolve surfaces where roughness has a vertical and horizontal scale of variation that is less than 1 m. This is the case over pāhoehoe and ʻaʻā flow surfaces, and thus allows us to explore those new structures that are only apparent in the sub-metric data. Moreover, during future eruptions, the possibility to acquire such information in near-real time will allow a prompt analysis of developing lava flow fields and structures therein, such as developing lava channel systems, so as to contribute to timely hazard assessment, modeling, and projections.
Massimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai; Luca Nannipieri; Andrew Harris; Sonia Calvari; Charline Lormand. UAV-based remote sensing surveys of lava flow fields: a case study from Etna’s 1974 channel-fed lava flows. Bulletin of Volcanology 2018, 80, 29 .
AMA StyleMassimiliano Favalli, Alessandro Fornaciai, Luca Nannipieri, Andrew Harris, Sonia Calvari, Charline Lormand. UAV-based remote sensing surveys of lava flow fields: a case study from Etna’s 1974 channel-fed lava flows. Bulletin of Volcanology. 2018; 80 (3):29.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMassimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai; Luca Nannipieri; Andrew Harris; Sonia Calvari; Charline Lormand. 2018. "UAV-based remote sensing surveys of lava flow fields: a case study from Etna’s 1974 channel-fed lava flows." Bulletin of Volcanology 80, no. 3: 29.
The Seismic lines Offshore Mount Etna (SOME) database is presented. It consists of multichannel high-resolution seismic data acquired in 2005 off-shore Mount Etna (eastern Sicily). We describe first the acquisition of seismic lines and then the architecture of the data base. Finally we describe a very basic interpretation of some seismic lines to provide clear example of the potentiality of the seismic data sets in addressing relevant issues such as the occurrence of slope instabilities and the deformation style of the continental margin off shore mount Etna.
Francesco Mazzarini; Ilaria Isola; Marina Bisson; Luca Nannipieri; Massimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai; Simone Tarquini. Seismic lines Offshore Mount Etna (SOME): open database. Annals of Geophysics 2017, 60, 0557 .
AMA StyleFrancesco Mazzarini, Ilaria Isola, Marina Bisson, Luca Nannipieri, Massimiliano Favalli, Alessandro Fornaciai, Simone Tarquini. Seismic lines Offshore Mount Etna (SOME): open database. Annals of Geophysics. 2017; 60 (5):0557.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Mazzarini; Ilaria Isola; Marina Bisson; Luca Nannipieri; Massimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai; Simone Tarquini. 2017. "Seismic lines Offshore Mount Etna (SOME): open database." Annals of Geophysics 60, no. 5: 0557.
Massimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai. Visualization and comparison of DEM-derived parameters. Application to volcanic areas. Geomorphology 2017, 290, 69 -84.
AMA StyleMassimiliano Favalli, Alessandro Fornaciai. Visualization and comparison of DEM-derived parameters. Application to volcanic areas. Geomorphology. 2017; 290 ():69-84.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMassimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai. 2017. "Visualization and comparison of DEM-derived parameters. Application to volcanic areas." Geomorphology 290, no. : 69-84.
Many active European volcanoes and volcano observatories are island-based and located far from their administrative “mainland”. Consequently, Governments have developed multisite approaches, in which monitoring is performed by a network of individuals distributed across several national research centers. At a transnational level, multinational networks are also progressively emerging. Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion Island, France) is one such example. Piton de la Fournaise is one of the most active volcanoes of the World, and is located at the greatest distance from its “mainland” than any other vulnerable “overseas” site, the observatory being 9365 km from its governing body in Paris. Effusive risk is high, so that a well-coordinated and rapid response involving near-real time delivery of trusted, validated and operational product for hazard assessment is critical. Here we review how near-real time assessments of lava flow propagation were developed using rapid provision, and update, of key source terms through a dynamic and open integration of near-real time remote sensing, modeling and measurement capabilities on both the national and international level. The multi-national system evolved during the five effusive crises of 2014–2015, and is now mature for Piton de la Fournaise. This review allows us to identify strong and weak points in an extended observatory system, and demonstrates that enhanced multi-national integration can have fundamental implications in scientific hazard assessment and response during an on-going effusive crisis. Keywords Effusive crisis Volcano observatory Piton de la Fournaise Time averaged discharge rates Lava flow model Inundation forecasts Hazard response
A. J. L. Harris; N. Villeneuve; A. Di Muro; Valérie Ferrazzini; A. Peltier; D. Coppola; M. Favalli; P. Bachèlery; J.-L. Froger; L. Gurioli; Severine Moune; I. Vlastélic; B. Galle; S. Arellano. Effusive crises at Piton de la Fournaise 2014–2015: a review of a multi-national response model. Journal of Applied Volcanology 2017, 6, 11 .
AMA StyleA. J. L. Harris, N. Villeneuve, A. Di Muro, Valérie Ferrazzini, A. Peltier, D. Coppola, M. Favalli, P. Bachèlery, J.-L. Froger, L. Gurioli, Severine Moune, I. Vlastélic, B. Galle, S. Arellano. Effusive crises at Piton de la Fournaise 2014–2015: a review of a multi-national response model. Journal of Applied Volcanology. 2017; 6 (1):11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. J. L. Harris; N. Villeneuve; A. Di Muro; Valérie Ferrazzini; A. Peltier; D. Coppola; M. Favalli; P. Bachèlery; J.-L. Froger; L. Gurioli; Severine Moune; I. Vlastélic; B. Galle; S. Arellano. 2017. "Effusive crises at Piton de la Fournaise 2014–2015: a review of a multi-national response model." Journal of Applied Volcanology 6, no. 1: 11.
International audienceBasaltic magma chambers are often characterized by emptying and refilling cycles that influence their evolution in space and time, and the associated eruptive activity. During April 2007, the largest historical eruption of Piton de la Fournaise (Île de La Réunion, France) drained the shallow plumbing system (>240×106 m3>240×106 m3) and resulted in collapse of the 1-km-wide summit crater. Following these major events, Piton de la Fournaise entered a seven-year long period of near-continuous deflation interrupted, in June 2014, by a new phase of significant inflation. By integrating multiple datasets (lava discharge rates, deformation, seismicity, gas flux, gas composition, and lava chemistry), we here show that the progressive migration of magma from a deeper (below sea level) storage zone gradually rejuvenated and pressurized the above-sea-level portion of the magmatic system consisting of a vertically-zoned network of relatively small-volume magma pockets. Continuous inflation provoked four small (<5×106 m3<5×106 m3) eruptions from vents located close to the summit cone and culminated, during August–October 2015, with a chemically zoned eruption that erupted 45±15×106 m345±15×106 m3 of lava. This two-month-long eruption evolved through (i) an initial phase of waning discharge, associated to the withdrawal of differentiated magma from the shallow system, into (ii) a month-long phase of increasing lava and SO2 fluxes at the effusive vent, coupled with CO2 enrichment of summit fumaroles, and involving emission of less differentiated lavas, to end with, (iii) three short-lived (∼2 day-long) pulses in lava and gas flux, coupled with arrival of cumulative olivine at the surface and deflation.The activity observed at Piton de la Fournaise in 2014 and 2015 points to a new model of shallow system rejuvenation and discharge, whereby continuous magma supply causes eruptions from increasingly deeper and larger magma storage zones. Downward depressurization continues until unloading of the deepest, least differentiated magma triggers pulses in lava and gas flux, accompanied by rapid contraction of the volcano edifice, that empties the main shallow reservoir and terminates the cycle. Such an unloading process may characterize the evolution of shallow magmatic systems at other persistently active effusive centers
D. Coppola; A. Di Muro; A. Peltier; N. Villeneuve; V. Ferrazzini; M. Favalli; P. Bachèlery; L. Gurioli; A.J.L. Harris; S. Moune; I. Vlastélic; B. Galle; S. Arellano; A. Aiuppa. Shallow system rejuvenation and magma discharge trends at Piton de la Fournaise volcano (La Réunion Island). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2017, 463, 13 -24.
AMA StyleD. Coppola, A. Di Muro, A. Peltier, N. Villeneuve, V. Ferrazzini, M. Favalli, P. Bachèlery, L. Gurioli, A.J.L. Harris, S. Moune, I. Vlastélic, B. Galle, S. Arellano, A. Aiuppa. Shallow system rejuvenation and magma discharge trends at Piton de la Fournaise volcano (La Réunion Island). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2017; 463 ():13-24.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Coppola; A. Di Muro; A. Peltier; N. Villeneuve; V. Ferrazzini; M. Favalli; P. Bachèlery; L. Gurioli; A.J.L. Harris; S. Moune; I. Vlastélic; B. Galle; S. Arellano; A. Aiuppa. 2017. "Shallow system rejuvenation and magma discharge trends at Piton de la Fournaise volcano (La Réunion Island)." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 463, no. : 13-24.
Lava flow simulations help to better understand volcanic hazards and may assist emergency preparedness at active volcanoes. We demonstrate that at Fogo Volcano, Cabo Verde, such simulations can explain the 2014–2015 lava flow crisis and therefore provide a valuable base to better prepare for the next inevitable eruption. We conducted topographic mapping in the field and a satellite-based remote sensing analysis. We produced the first topographic model of the 2014–2015 lava flow from combined terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and photogrammetric data. This high-resolution topographic information facilitates lava flow volume estimates of 43.7 ± 5.2 × 106 m3 from the vertical difference between pre- and posteruptive topographies. Both the pre-eruptive and updated digital elevation models (DEMs) serve as the fundamental input data for lava flow simulations using the well-established DOWNFLOW algorithm. Based on thousands of simulations, we assess the lava flow hazard before and after the 2014–2015 eruption. We find that, although the lava flow hazard has changed significantly, it remains high at the locations of two villages that were destroyed during this eruption. This result is of particular importance as villagers have already started to rebuild the settlements. We also analysed satellite radar imagery acquired by the German TerraSAR-X (TSX) satellite to map lava flow emplacement over time. We obtain the lava flow boundaries every 6 to 11 days during the eruption, which assists the interpretation and evaluation of the lava flow model performance. Our results highlight the fact that lava flow hazards change as a result of modifications of the local topography due to lava flow emplacement. This implies the need for up-to-date topographic information in order to assess lava flow hazards. We also emphasize that areas that were once overrun by lava flows are not necessarily safer, even if local lava flow thicknesses exceed the average lava flow thickness. Our observations will be important for the next eruption of Fogo Volcano and have implications for future lava flow crises and disaster response efforts at basaltic volcanoes elsewhere in the world.
Nicole Richter; Massimiliano Favalli; Elske De Zeeuw-Van Dalfsen; Alessandro Fornaciai; Rui Manuel Da Silva Fernandes; Nemesio M. Pérez; Judith Levy; Sónia Silva Victória; Thomas R. Walter. Lava flow hazard at Fogo Volcano, Cabo Verde, before and after the 2014–2015 eruption. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 2016, 16, 1925 -1951.
AMA StyleNicole Richter, Massimiliano Favalli, Elske De Zeeuw-Van Dalfsen, Alessandro Fornaciai, Rui Manuel Da Silva Fernandes, Nemesio M. Pérez, Judith Levy, Sónia Silva Victória, Thomas R. Walter. Lava flow hazard at Fogo Volcano, Cabo Verde, before and after the 2014–2015 eruption. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2016; 16 (8):1925-1951.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicole Richter; Massimiliano Favalli; Elske De Zeeuw-Van Dalfsen; Alessandro Fornaciai; Rui Manuel Da Silva Fernandes; Nemesio M. Pérez; Judith Levy; Sónia Silva Victória; Thomas R. Walter. 2016. "Lava flow hazard at Fogo Volcano, Cabo Verde, before and after the 2014–2015 eruption." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 8: 1925-1951.
We present a workflow to create, scale, georeference, and integrate digital elevation models (DEMs) created using open-source structure-from-motion (SfM) multiview stereo (MVS) software into existing DEMs (as derived from the light detection and ranging data in the presented cases). The workflow also maps the root-mean-square error between the base DEM and the SfM surface model. This allows DEM creation from field-based surveys using consumer-grade digital cameras with open-source and custom-built software. We employ this workflow on three examples of different scales and morphology: 1) a scoria cone on Mt. Etna; 2) a lava channel on Mauna Ulu (Ki̅lauea); and 3) a flank collapse scar on Mt. Etna. This represents a new approach for rapid low-cost construction and updating of existing DEMs at high temporal and spatial resolutions and for areas of up to several thousand square meters. We assess the self-consistency of the method by comparison of DEMs of the same features, created from independent data sets acquired on the same day and from the same vantage points. We further evaluate the effect of grid cell size on the reconstruction error. This method uses existing DEMs as a georeferencing tool and can therefore be used in limited access and potentially hazardous areas as it no longer relies exclusively on control targets on the ground.
Stephan Kolzenburg; Massimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai; Ilaria Isola; A. J. L. Harris; Luca Nannipieri; Daniele Giordano. Rapid Updating and Improvement of Airborne LIDAR DEMs Through Ground-Based SfM 3-D Modeling of Volcanic Features. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 2016, 54, 6687 -6699.
AMA StyleStephan Kolzenburg, Massimiliano Favalli, Alessandro Fornaciai, Ilaria Isola, A. J. L. Harris, Luca Nannipieri, Daniele Giordano. Rapid Updating and Improvement of Airborne LIDAR DEMs Through Ground-Based SfM 3-D Modeling of Volcanic Features. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2016; 54 (11):6687-6699.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephan Kolzenburg; Massimiliano Favalli; Alessandro Fornaciai; Ilaria Isola; A. J. L. Harris; Luca Nannipieri; Daniele Giordano. 2016. "Rapid Updating and Improvement of Airborne LIDAR DEMs Through Ground-Based SfM 3-D Modeling of Volcanic Features." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 54, no. 11: 6687-6699.
The quantification of the eruptive activity represents one major challenge in volcanology. Digital comparison of LiDAR-based elevation models of Etna (Italy) was made to quantify the volumes of volcanics emitted in 2007-2010. During this period, Etna produced several summit paroxysms followed by a flank eruption. We integrated the total volume difference resulting from the subtraction of the 2007 and 2010 DEMs with volumes of eruptive products based on field and aerial surveys to attribute volumes with hitherto unrealized precision to poorly constrained eruptions. The total erupted volume of 2007-2010 is >86 × 106 m3, most (~74 × 106 m3) of which is made up by the lava flows of the 2008-2009 flank eruption. The survey also reveals the high lava volume (5.73 × 106 m3) and average eruption rate (~400 m3 s-1) of the 10 May 2008 paroxysm, whose flow front stopped 6.2 km from the vent, not far from the town of Zafferana Etnea.
Boris Behncke; Alessandro Fornaciai; Marco Neri; Massimiliano Favalli; Gaetana Ganci; Francesco Mazzarini. Lidar surveys reveal eruptive volumes and rates at Etna, 2007-2010. Geophysical Research Letters 2016, 43, 4270 -4278.
AMA StyleBoris Behncke, Alessandro Fornaciai, Marco Neri, Massimiliano Favalli, Gaetana Ganci, Francesco Mazzarini. Lidar surveys reveal eruptive volumes and rates at Etna, 2007-2010. Geophysical Research Letters. 2016; 43 (9):4270-4278.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoris Behncke; Alessandro Fornaciai; Marco Neri; Massimiliano Favalli; Gaetana Ganci; Francesco Mazzarini. 2016. "Lidar surveys reveal eruptive volumes and rates at Etna, 2007-2010." Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 9: 4270-4278.
Francesco Mazzarini; Nicolas Le Corvec; Ilaria Isola; Massimiliano Favalli. Volcanic field elongation, vent distribution, and tectonic evolution of a continental rift: The Main Ethiopian Rift example. Geosphere 2016, 12, 706 -720.
AMA StyleFrancesco Mazzarini, Nicolas Le Corvec, Ilaria Isola, Massimiliano Favalli. Volcanic field elongation, vent distribution, and tectonic evolution of a continental rift: The Main Ethiopian Rift example. Geosphere. 2016; 12 (3):706-720.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Mazzarini; Nicolas Le Corvec; Ilaria Isola; Massimiliano Favalli. 2016. "Volcanic field elongation, vent distribution, and tectonic evolution of a continental rift: The Main Ethiopian Rift example." Geosphere 12, no. 3: 706-720.
Original volcanic edifices of two successive stages of Gran Canaria are reconstructed using a geomorphometric analysis of existent or restored paleosurfaces. In the reconstruction, surface fitting was applied preferably to planèzes (i.e. triangular facets of original volcano flanks) and quasi-planar surfaces, QPS (those occurring on planèzes, or scattered, slightly eroded portions derived from original cone surfaces) with the help of red relief image map (RRIM) analysis. Out of the long-lasting, Mid-Miocene to Holocene subaerial evolution of the island, the Late Miocene Fataga volcano and the subsequent, Pliocene Roque Nublo volcanoes were the largest and highest. The eruptive center of Fataga, a composite edifice (12.2–8.8 Ma) that may have grown up excentrically with respect to the previous Tejeda caldera, is well-defined by both two planèzes (named Veneguera–Mogán and Fataga–Tirajana) and QPS remnants. Its calculated original volume, ≤ 1000 km3, is close to the largest stratovolcanoes on Earth. However, its ≥ 3300 m elevation, obtained by exponential fit, may have been significantly lower due to the complex architecture of the summit region, e.g. a caldera responsible for ignimbrite eruptions. Roque Nublo, a 3.7–2.9 Ma stratovolcanic cone, which was superimposed upon the Fataga rocks ≥ 3 km west of the Fataga center, has left no considerable paleosurfaces behind due to heavy postvolcanic erosion. Yet, its remnant formations preserved in a radial pattern unambiguously define its center. Moreover, surface fitting of the outcropping rocks can be corrected taking the erosion rate for the past 3 Ma into account. Such a corrected surface fit points to a regular-shaped, ≥ 3000 m-high cone with a 25 km radius and ca. 940 km3 original volume, also comparable with the dimensions of the largest terrestrial stratovolcanoes.
D. Karátson; Jorge Yepes; M. Favalli; Martín Jesús Rodríguez-Peces; Alessandro Fornaciai. Reconstructing eroded paleovolcanoes on Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, using advanced geomorphometry. Geomorphology 2016, 253, 123 -134.
AMA StyleD. Karátson, Jorge Yepes, M. Favalli, Martín Jesús Rodríguez-Peces, Alessandro Fornaciai. Reconstructing eroded paleovolcanoes on Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, using advanced geomorphometry. Geomorphology. 2016; 253 ():123-134.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Karátson; Jorge Yepes; M. Favalli; Martín Jesús Rodríguez-Peces; Alessandro Fornaciai. 2016. "Reconstructing eroded paleovolcanoes on Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, using advanced geomorphometry." Geomorphology 253, no. : 123-134.
DOWNFLOW is a probabilistic code for the simulation of the area covered by lava flows. This code has been used extensively for several basaltic volcanoes in the last decade, and a review of some applications is presented. DOWNFLOW is based on the simple principle that a lava flow tends to follow the steepest descent path downhill from the vent. DOWNFLOW computes the area possibly inundated by lava flows by deriving a number, N, of steepest descent paths, each path being calculated over a randomly perturbed topography. The perturbation is applied at each point of the topography, and ranges within the interval ±Δh. N and Δh are the two basic parameters of the code. The expected flow length is constrained by statistical weighting based on the past activity of the volcano. The strength of the code is that: (i) only limited volcanological knowledge is necessary to apply the code at a given volcano; (ii) there are only two (easily tunable) input parameters; and (iii) computational requirements are very low. However, DOWNFLOW does not provide the progression of the lava emplacement over time. The use of DOWNFLOW is ideal when a large number of simulations are necessary: for example, to compile maps for hazard and risk-assessment purposes.
Simone Tarquini; Massimiliano Favalli. Simulating the area covered by lava flows using the DOWNFLOW code. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2015, 426, 293 -312.
AMA StyleSimone Tarquini, Massimiliano Favalli. Simulating the area covered by lava flows using the DOWNFLOW code. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 2015; 426 (1):293-312.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimone Tarquini; Massimiliano Favalli. 2015. "Simulating the area covered by lava flows using the DOWNFLOW code." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 426, no. 1: 293-312.
During the 2001 eruption of Mount Etna, two independent vent systems simultaneously erupted two different lavas. The Upper Vents system (UV), opened between 3100 and 2650 m a.s.l., emitted products that are markedly porphyritic and rich in plagioclase, while the Lower Vents system (LV), opened at 2100 and 2550 m a.s.l., emitted products that are sparsely porphyritic with scarce plagioclase. In this study, the crystal size distributions (CSDs) of plagioclase were measured for a series of 14 samples collected from all the main flows of the 2001 eruption. The coefficient of R 2 determination was used to evaluate the goodness of fit of linear models to the CSDs, and the results are represented as a grid of R 2 values by using a numerical code developed ad hoc. R 2 diagrams suggest that the 2001 products can be separated into two main groups with slightly different characteristics: plagioclase CSDs from the UVs can be modeled by three straight lines with different slopes while the plagioclase CSDs from the LVs are largely concave. We have interpreted the CSDs of the UVs as representing three different populations of plagioclases: (i) the large phenocrysts (type I), which started to crystallize at lower cooling rate in a deep reservoir from 13 to 8 months before eruption onset; (ii) the phenocrysts (type II), which crystallized largely during continuous degassing in a shallow reservoir; and (iii) the microlites, which crystallized during magma ascent immediately prior to the eruption. The plagioclase CSD curves for the LVs lava are interpreted to reflect strong and rapid changes in undercooling induced by strong and sudden degassing.
Alessandro Fornaciai; Cristina Perinelli; Pietro Armienti; Massimiliano Favalli. Crystal size distributions of plagioclase in lavas from the July–August 2001 Mount Etna eruption. Bulletin of Volcanology 2015, 77, 1 -15.
AMA StyleAlessandro Fornaciai, Cristina Perinelli, Pietro Armienti, Massimiliano Favalli. Crystal size distributions of plagioclase in lavas from the July–August 2001 Mount Etna eruption. Bulletin of Volcanology. 2015; 77 (8):1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandro Fornaciai; Cristina Perinelli; Pietro Armienti; Massimiliano Favalli. 2015. "Crystal size distributions of plagioclase in lavas from the July–August 2001 Mount Etna eruption." Bulletin of Volcanology 77, no. 8: 1-15.
In nature, several types of landforms have simple shapes: as they evolve they tend to take on an ideal, simple geometric form such as a cone, an ellipsoid or a paraboloid. Volcanic landforms are possibly the best examples of this ?ideal? geometry, since they develop as regular surface features due to the point-like (circular) or fissure-like (linear) manifestation of volcanic activity. In this paper, we present a geomorphometric method of fitting the ?ideal? surface onto the real surface of regular-shaped volcanoes through a number of case studies (Mt. Mayon, Mt. Somma, Mt. Semeru, and Mt. Cameroon). Volcanoes with circular, as well as elliptical, symmetry are addressed. For the best surface fit, we use the minimization library MINUIT which is made freely available by the CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). This library enables us to handle all the available surface data (every point of the digital elevation model) in a one-step, half-automated way regardless of the size of the dataset, and to consider simultaneously all the relevant parameters of the selected problem, such as the position of the center of the edifice, apex height, and cone slope, thanks to the highly performing adopted procedure. Fitting the geometric surface, along with calculating the related error, demonstrates the twofold advantage of the method. Firstly, we can determine quantitatively to what extent a given volcanic landform is regular, i.e. how much it follows an expected regular shape. Deviations from the ideal shape due to degradation (e.g. sector collapse and normal erosion) can be used in erosion rate calculations. Secondly, if we have a degraded volcanic landform, whose geometry is not clear, this method of surface fitting reconstructs the original shape with the maximum precision. Obviously, in addition to volcanic landforms, this method is also capable of constraining the shapes of other regular surface features such as aeolian, glacial or periglacial landforms
M. Favalli; D. Karátson; J. Yepes; L. Nannipieri. Surface fitting in geomorphology — Examples for regular-shaped volcanic landforms. Geomorphology 2014, 221, 139 -149.
AMA StyleM. Favalli, D. Karátson, J. Yepes, L. Nannipieri. Surface fitting in geomorphology — Examples for regular-shaped volcanic landforms. Geomorphology. 2014; 221 ():139-149.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Favalli; D. Karátson; J. Yepes; L. Nannipieri. 2014. "Surface fitting in geomorphology — Examples for regular-shaped volcanic landforms." Geomorphology 221, no. : 139-149.