The main source of seed filling results from the photosynthesis of the green tissue closest to the seed sinks in the capitula. To evaluate the role of different leaf strata and capitula in seed yield and its components of Safflower genotypes, a field study was performed as a factorial experiment based on RCBD in 3 replicates in East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center in 2008. The used factors in this experiment were: two Safflower genotypes including (Mahalli Esfahan and Goldasht) and defoliation in five levels: defoliation of plants in lower 1/3, middle 1/3, upper 1/3 of the stem, capitulum covered with aluminum paper and control (without defoliation). The results showed that defoliation did not affect plant height and number of pods. But, there was a highly significant difference between strata in terms of number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, 1000 seeds weight, oil percentage and oil yield. The interaction of genotype×strata treatments in seeds yield and harvest index was significant. Among the defoliation treatment levels in both genotypes, the highest decrease in the seed yield compared to the control were observed in the upper 1/3 defoliation levels, whereas the lowest decrease was observed in the lower 1/3 defoliation level. The rate of seed yield reduction in Mahalli Esfahan was higher than Goldasht. The change in Goldasht seed yield was mostly due to changes in the number of seeds per plant and the number of seeds in the head. In addition, net photosynthesis, strata leaf area, and photosynthesis contribution of the upper strata compared to the lower ones were higher, and removal of the upper strata had the highest effect on seed yield through the reduction in the total photosynthesis of the whole plant. Also, covering the capitulum caused a significant decrease in the seed yield. So, head photosynthesis has a major contribution to Safflower seed yield.

Sweet sorghum, which is one of the bioethanol sources, has been increasing in importance in recent years. It is used in the production of bioethanol due to the high content of sugar in it. This study were carried out at Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Izmir/Turkey on the experimental fields, two-factor coincidence plots were carried out in the form of a three-repeated potting experiment according to the trial pattern during the summer growth seasons of 2013 and 2014. Effects of different nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 N/ha) and potassium (0, 50, 100, 150 kg K2O/ha) levels of on ethanol yield of sweet sorghum were investigated, in the experiment. N was applied in two equal doses in the experiment. K2O was mixed with soil and supplied as a single application. Some parameters were tested in the experiments such as stalk and juice yield, sugar content and theoretical ethanol yield. Results indicated that the effects of N and K treatments on all characteristics tested were significant. Application of the higher rates of N and K increased the ethanol yields compared to the control treatment. Based on these results the combination of N150-K100 were proved to be the best fertilizer level for ethanol yields of sweet sorghum grown under Mediterranean ecological conditions of Izmir.

Sweet sorghum, which is one of the bioethanol sources, has been increasing in importance in recent years. It is used in the production of bioethanol due to the high content of sugar in it. This study were carried out at Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Izmir/Turkey on the experimental fields, two-factor coincidence plots were carried out in the form of a three-repeated potting experiment according to the trial pattern during the summer growth seasons of 2013 and 2014. Effects of different nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 N ha-1) and potassium (0, 50, 100, 150 kg K2O ha-1) levels of on ethanol yield of sweet sorghum were investigated, in the experiment. In the study, some traits were investigated such as plant height, dry matter yield, silage pH, crude protein content. The results of the experiment revealed significant effect of different N and K levels on growth, yield and some silage quality parameters. Increasing N and K levels increased plant height, dry matter yield, crude protein content and silage pH compared to the control (N0-K0) treatment. It is concluded that sweet sorghum crop performed better in N150-K100 level and hence recommended for further studies to authenticate higher forage yield and quality in the agroclimatic conditions of Izmir.

This study investigated the potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to enhance the dissipation of boscalid and kresoxim-methyl residues in grape leaves under field conditions. The experiment was conducted in a vineyard in Tokat, Türkiye, using the ‘Narince’ (Vitis vinifera L.) grape variety. Boscalid and kresoxim-methyl were applied prior to harvest, followed by the application of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas putida, and their combined treatment. Pesticide residues were determined using a validated QuEChERS extraction method coupled with LC–MS/MS analysis. Dissipation kinetics were evaluated using the double first-order in parallel (DFOP) model. PGPR application enhanced pesticide residue dissipation, with the combined bacterial treatment showing the shortest overall DT50 for both active ingredients. The overall DT50 of boscalid decreased from 24.97 days in the control to 18.42 days with the combined treatment, while that of kresoxim-methyl decreased from 3.17 to 1.68 days. At the 14-day pre-harvest interval, the combined treatment resulted in significantly lower residues of both boscalid and kresoxim-methyl than the control. These findings indicate that PGPR application, particularly the combined bacterial treatment, has potential as a complementary approach for enhancing pesticide residue dissipation in grape leaves under vineyard conditions. Further studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, characterize transformation products, and evaluate their toxicological significance and the consistency of the approach across different seasons and vineyard conditions.